Beneficial Effects of EndotoxinsAlois Nowotny The study of endotoxins has undergone cycles of enthusiastic research followed by neglect and revival again due to newly described biological effects attributed to endotoxins. It is almost a generally applicable rule that both extremes in such fluctuations in the popularity of certain re search fields are unjustified. It is obvious that exaggerated expectations will lead to disappointments, and complete neglect of a once-exciting field is to be followed by renewed attention, if the scientific basis of earlier interest was solid and remained so throughout. The healing ef fect of fever was praised as nature's blessed cure, until it was discov ered that it is caused by bacteria. When it became evident that by careful application one can arrive at therapeutic doses without intro ducing shock and hypotension, the era of fever therapy began. During this time, indiscriminate use of pyrogens was so widespread that the high expectations had to be followed by disillusionment. Since then, in terest in endotoxins experienced a few more oscillations, with varying wavelengths and amplitudes, the latest being triggered by the mitotic effect of endotoxin. This led to justified excitement among researchers who study the activation of the cells of the lymphatic system and the consequences thereof, including the release of important mediator mol ecules. Fever therapy is passe, but the healing that often followed the ap plication of endotoxins remains a well-documented fact. |
Contents
In Search of the Active Sites in Endotoxins | 1 |
Effect of LPS on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism | 57 |
Effect of LPS on the Clotting System | 75 |
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acid adjuvant effect animals antibody antibody response antigen antiserum assay B-cell bacteremia bacterial endotoxin bacterial lipopolysaccharide Bertók Biol bone marrow bone marrow cells C3H/HeJ mice cell cultures cellular Chedid chemical colony stimulating components demonstrated donor dose dotoxin effect of LPS effects of endotoxin endo endotoxemia endotoxic endotoxin endotoxin-induced endotoxin-treated enhanced Escherichia coli experimental factor fraction glycolipid grafting gram-negative gram-negative bacteria host immune response immunogenicity Immunol immunological induced infection inhibition interaction interferon intravenous irradiated lethal leukemia leukocytes lipid lipid moiety lipopolysaccharide LPS-induced Lüderitz lymphocytes macrophages mechanisms mediators mice Microbiology mitogenic Morrison mouse mutant necrosis nontoxic normal Nowotny platelets polysaccharide preparations Proc production protection protein pyrogenic rabbits RD-LPS reaction receptor release Ribi role Rosenstreich Salmonella Serratia marcescens serum shock Shwartzman Spitzer spleen cells sponse SRBC strain studies Sultzer synthesis thymocytes tion tissue toxic toxin transplantation treatment tumor vitro vivo Westphal