Breast Cancer, 1971-91: Prevention, Treatment, and Research : Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations, Committee on Government Operations, U.S. House of Representatives |
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16-year period Accounting Office age group Age-Adjusted Incidence Rates American women annual percentage change appendix association average biopsy breast cancer incidence breast cancer patients breast cancer risk breast cancer tumors breast self-examination Cancer Incidence Rates Cancer Patient Survival Cancer Statistics Review cell changes in incidence chemotherapy clinical conditions dence diagnosed with breast diet disease EAPC early effect established risk factors estimated annual percentage estrogen replacement therapy etiology exposure factors for breast Halsted radical mastectomy hormonal therapy hospital charts inci increased risk interpersonal component lead time bias length bias lump found lumpectomy mammograms measure of research Medical Interventions ment mortality rates National Cancer Institute number of women Oophorectomy oral contraceptives percent population postmenopausal Prevention Research procedure Progress in Medical radiation therapy radical mastectomy Rates for Breast risk of breast screening mammography SEER data SEER program simple mastectomy subgroups surgery survival rates Table I.2 U.S. General Accounting
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Page 1 - ... in response to your request and that is being made available this morning. As in that report, most of my comments will focus on two Issues, progress in controlling breast cancer and directions for the future. Our findings are drawn from many sources, including the relevant clinical and epidemiologic literature on the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer, previous GAO reports on cancer patient survival, reviews of breast cancer patients' hospital records, and data from the National...
Page 46 - SEER archives records for almost all cancer patients residing in five states — Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, and Utah — and four metropolitan areas — Atlanta, Detroit, San Francisco-Oakland, and Seattle -Puget Sound. (See Hankey et al., 1992.) Our analysis consisted of three major steps. In step 1, we performed a meta-analysis to summarize randomized studies' results and obtain summary figures that can be compared to medical practice results.
Page 46 - Sound, Washington) accounting for approximately 14 percent of the United States' population are included. The participating regions were selected primarily for their ability to operate and maintain a population-based cancer reporting system and for their epidemiologically significant population subgroups. With respect to selected demographic and epidemiologic factors, they are, when combined, a reasonably representative subset of the US population. The mortality data for all cancer deaths among children...
Page 3 - US General Accounting Office, Cancer Patient Survival: What Progress Has Been Made?
Page 31 - Recommendation to the Secretary of Health and Human Services Because of the methodological problems discussed in this report, the survival rates reported by NCI should not be used as the sole indicators of progress in extending patient survival. We recommend that the secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services include a description of the biases that can lead to misinterpretation of survival rate changes in all future publications on patient survival. In this way, misinterpretation of...
Page 6 - Ante, p. 135. the appointment of the Directors of the National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute is redesignated as part I, section 461 of such part is redesignated as section 471, and such part is amended by adding. at the end the following new sections: "NATIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE AWARDS "SEC.
Page 1 - Additionally, this compar* on should not be construed as an appraisal of the adequacy of funding. CONCLUSIONS On December 23, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon signed into law the National Cancer Act, launching what has been called the "war against cancer.
Page 4 - ... we found no survival improvement among a select group of breast cancer patients despite more widespread use of chemotherapy. See US General Accounting Office, Breast Cancer: Patients' Survival, GAO/PEMD-89-9 (Washington, DC: February 1989).
Page 34 - I mean actions taken to stop or reverse the initial development of malignant neoplasms that would at later stages threaten life or health. This definition includes, but is not limited to, the identification of high-risk persons and the reduction of their exposures, the identification and control of external hazards, and the use of measures to block or reverse the development of lesions among persons already exposed but in whom no cancer is (yet) detectable. Others have defined prevention in broader...
Page 25 - Once breast cancer is suspected, a series of tests is performed to determine whether the growth is cancerous and, if so, the type of disease and the extent to which it has progressed. Many breast cancers are thought to grow at a relatively slow rate, moving from the breast to the axillary lymph nodes (under the arm) and eventually spreading to distant organs, the liver, lung, and bone being the most likely locales for metastatic activity. The traditional principles of patient management...