Dynamics of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation, Volume 3"Since the discovery of geomagnetically trapped radiation by Van Allen in 1958, an impressive amount of experimental information on the earth's particle and field environment has nourished research work for scores of scientists and thesis work for their students. This quest has challenged space-age technology to produce better and more sophisticated instruments and has challenged the international scientific community and governments to establish more, and more effective, cooperative programs of research and information exchange. As a result, an orderly picture of the principal physical mechanisms governing the earth's radiation environment is beginning to emerge. The interest in this topic has reached far beyond the domain of geophysics. Indeed, we find trapped radiation elsewhere in the universe: Jupiter's radiation belts, particle trapping in sunspot magnetic fields, cosmic rays confined in interstellar fields and, possibly, ultra-high-energy particles trapped in the magnetic fields of rotating neutron stars. There is abundant technical and scientific literature available on Van Allen radiation; comprehensive reviews are published regularly in journals* or have been collected in book form**, and books have been written on the subject***. The aim of this monograph is to complement the existing literature with a concise discussion of the basic dynamical processes that control the earth's radiation belts. It is mainly intended to help a graduate student or a researcher new to this field to understand the underlying physics and to provide him with guidelines for quantitative, numerical applications of the theory." --Publisher's website. |
Contents
Bounce Motion the Second Adiabatic Invariant and Drift | 34 |
Periodic Drift Motion and Conservation of the Third | 72 |
Violation of the Adiabatic Invariants and Trapped Particle | 112 |
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adiabatic invariant asymmetric field bounce period bounce-average computed conservation const constant coordinates cos² curves cyclotron cyclotron motion diffusion coefficient diffusion equation dipole field directional flux distribution function drift paths drift velocity earth Eind electric field electrons equatorial particles equatorial pitch angle equatorial point equipotential field lines external forces field intensity geomagnetic given field line guiding center guiding field line gyroradius induced electric field initial injected integral k₁ k₂ kinetic energy L-values longitude Lorentz force loss cone magnetic field magnetic flux magnetic moment magnetopause magnetosphere meridian mirror points non-relativistic Notice number of particles order drift parameters particle drift particle flux particle shell particle's particles mirroring perpendicular pitch angle diffusion protons quasi-trapping radial diffusion radiation belt region relation represents shell splitting sin² stable trapping static taking into account time-dependent trapped particles values variables variations vector Δι дв