General Principles and EtiologyJames Graves Wilson, F. Clarke Fraser In less than 40 years teratology has grown from a little known discipline concerned with studies on the effects of a few physical and chemical stresses on developing fish, amphibians, and birds, to a discipline embracing a vast accumulation of literature on experimental studies in many animal forms and the results of intensive scrutiny of human development under varied conditions, as well. Emphasis has shifted from preoccupation with descrip tions of anatomical defects to concern about subtle and interacting causative factors, to searches for the early reactions to these at the cellular and subcellu lar levels, and to identification of abnormality in the chemical, the functional, and the ultrastructural realms. These changes in orientation have quite naturally made necessary the recruitment of concepts, methods, and expertise from other disciplines. Hence the foundations of teratology, which once were largely morphological, have extended into genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, reproductive physiology, epidemiology, and several aspects of veteri nary and clinical medicine. It is not surprising that a student or new investigator approaching the field of teratology may feel some dismay when confronted with the confusing array of cross-disciplinary concepts and principles it encompasses today. One of the aims of this work is to introduce what the editors believe is a logical thread of continuity into a field that may be regarded by some as a welter of disordered information. |
Contents
History of Teratology | 5 |
Current Status of TeratologyGeneral Principles | 49 |
Relation of Animal Studies to the Problem in Man | 77 |
Copyright | |
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abnormalities abortion acid adult Alkylating agent alkylation product animals anomalies associated Biol birth bluetongue virus brain Brent caused cells cerebellar chemical chromosome cleft palate compounds congenital malformations conjoined twins cortisone day of gestation defects deficiency developmental diet disease dosage drugs embryo embryotoxicity environmental enzyme experimental exposed exposure factors fetal fetus fetuses Fraser frequency genetic gestation Giroud growth retardation Gynecol hamsters hormones human Hurley hydrocephalus hyperthermia hypoplasia hypoxia incidence increased induced infants infection interaction intrauterine irradiated Lancet levels Major alkylation mammalian mammals maternal mechanisms metabolism mg/kg mice microcephaly microwave monkeys mothers mouse mutagenic mutant gene mutations neonatal newborn normal Nutr Obstet occur offspring oral organogenesis Pediatr Pharmacol postnatal pregnancy pregnant rats prenatal produced protein rabbits reported resorption result rubella Rugh specific strain studies susceptibility syndrome temperature teratogenesis teratogenic teratogenic effects Teratology thyroid tion tissue toxic utero viral virus vitamin vitamin D Warkany women zinc