Insecticide Action: From Molecule to OrganismT. Narahashi, J.E. Chambers Intoxication of humans and animals has become increasingly important in recent years as has contamination of the environment by a variety of chemicals. In order to develop effective means by which such intoxication and contamination can be properly handled, it is imperative to know how these environmental agents act in humans and animals. Despite studies conducted by various investigators, the mechanisms of action of these environmental agents have not been fully elucidated. Insecticides are by no means an exception in terms of the seriousness of the problem and of the urgency of the need for such information. In order to complete a picture of the effects of any particular insecticide, it is of utmost importance that its actions at various levels ranging from those of molecules to whole animals be analyzed and synthesized. To understand the toxicological action on animals or humans, it is not sufficient to know the action at each level only. The actions at various levels must be integrated to construct a picture of the toxic effect on the intact organism. However, in spite of the large body of information that has been accumulated during the past few decades, little or no attempt has been made to integrate experimental data obtained at the molecular, cellular, organ, and animal levels together in order to define the whole picture of insecticidal action. |
Contents
Insecticide Actions on GABA Receptors and VoltageDependent | 1 |
Antagonism of Insect Muscle Glutamate Receptors With | 13 |
Molecular Interactions of Organophosphates OPs Oximes | 33 |
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25kDa toxin 3H-NE release Abou-Donia acetylcholine AChE AChR acid action of pyrethroids affinity Albuquerque allethrin amplitude assay binding Biochem block Ca2+ calcium channels cell membrane channel activation channel gating choline cholinergic cockroach compounds concentration cyclodiene decrease deltamethrin depolarization dose effects enhanced enzyme EPSP erythrocytes fenvalerate GABA GABAA receptor giant axons GluR channel glutamate granule cell granule cell excitability inactivation increased incubated inhibition inhibitors insect insecticides interactions interpulse intervals ion channels isomers israelensis kinase kinetics lindane mechanisms mg/kg molecular molecule monooxygenase msec muscle Narahashi nerve neuromuscular neurons neurotoxic neurotoxins neurotransmitter open channel OPIDN paraoxon perforant path Pestic Pharmacol phorate phospholipids phosphorylation Physiol physostigmine presynaptic protein pulse pyrethroid insecticides pyrethroids rat brain resistance Soderlund sodium channel sodium current sodium uptake spider squid squid giant axons stimulation studies synaptic synaptosomes target temperature tetramethrin toxicity Toxicol toxin type II pyrethroids Usherwood venom vitro voltage voltage-sensitive sodium channels