Magnetic Particle Inspection: A practical guide

M.J. Lovejoy

Springer Science & Business Media, Jun 30, 1993 - Technology & Engineering - 460 pages

During the years since this book was first published in 1993 there have very few developments in the technology of magnetic particle inspection apart from improvements in instrumentation which has made the measurement of peak values of time varying currents practicable. The major changes have arisen from health and safety and environmental concerns. These involve chemicals and exposure of personnel to air-borne electromagnetic fields and long wave ultraviolet (UY.A). The changes in the acceptability of certain volatile halogenated hydrocar bons which led to the banning of 1, 1, 1 thichloroethane in 1995 were evident in 1993. The present discussions concerning the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in general was also current and has now reached a stage where the effects of these deliberations will become evident over the next few years. Concerns over the exposure of personnel to airborne electromagnetic fields has been current for some years as has discussions to the effects of long wave ultraviolet (UY.A) on human skin. Recommendations as to maximum permit ted exposures over periods of time to both of these phenomena have been put forward and will doubtless form the basis of future legislation on the matter. A number of new specifications have appeared notably EN (European) and ISO specifications and some of these are still in preparation. Generally their impact will be minimal since these specifications are largely derived from existing documentation.

Contents

• The history and basis of the magnetic particle testing method: 1
• 12 THE BASIS OF MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING: 2
• 13 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING: 8
• Origins of defects in ferromagnetic materials: 13
• 22 HOW METALS FAIL: 18
• 23 DEFECTS AND THEIR ORIGINS: 27
• Essential magnetic characteristics for magnetic particle inspection: 45
• 33 MAGNETIZATION OF MATERIALS: 49
• 34 MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS: 50
• 35 CONCLUSIONS: 52
• Methods of magnetizing components and materials for magnetic particle inspection: 57
• 42 THE MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS: 58
• 43 CURRENT FLOW TECHNIQUES: 60
• 44 COIL TECHNIQUES: 68
• 45 MAGNETIC FLOW TECHNIQUES ALSO KNOWN AS FLUX FLOW AND YOKE MAGNETIZATION: 74
• 46 INDUCED CURRENT TECHNIQUES: 81
• 48 MAGNETIZATION BY USE OF TRANSIENT CURRENTS: 82
• 49 CONCLUSIONS: 83
• Sources of magnetic fields for magnetic particle inspection: 87
• 52 MAGNETIC FIELDS DUE TO PERMANENT MAGNETS: 88
• 53 MAGNETIC FIELDS DUE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT: 90
• 54 COMBINED ELECTRIC CURRENT MAGNETIZATION: 103
• 55 CURRENT VALUES: 108
• 56 CONCLUSIONS: 113
• Magnetic particles their characteristics and application: 117
• 62 CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC PARTICLES: 118
• 63 ASSOCIATED MATERIALS: 137
• 64 APPLICATION OF THE PARTICLES: 142
• Demagnetization: 149
• 72 REASONS WHY DEMAGNETIZATION MUST BE CARRIED OUT AND WHEN: 150
• 73 CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE DEMAGNETIZATION IS NOT NECESSARY: 153
• 74 LIMITS OF DEMAGNETIZATION: 156
• 76 PRACTICAL METHODS OF DEMAGNETIZATION: 159
• 77 CHOOSING A METHOD FOR DEMAGNETIZATION: 165
• 78 CHECKING LEVELS OF REMAINING FIELD: 166
• Procedures specifications and documentation: 171
• 82 SPECIFICATIONS AND DOCUMENTATION: 184
• 83 DETAILS OF MPI SPECIFICATIONS: 188
• 84 KEEPING RECORDS: 216
• 85 CONCLUSIONS: 217
• Choosing a magnetic particle inspection method: 221
• 92 SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS: 222
• 93 PART CONSIDERATIONS: 223
• 94 CONSIDERATION OF THE DEFECTS SOUGHT: 246
• 95 SENSITIVITY REQUIREMENTS: 248
• 96 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: 249
• 97 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS: 252
• 98 ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS: 255
• 99 ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS: 256
• Equipment for magnetic particle inspection: 263
• 102 STANDARD EQUIPMENT: 264
• 103 SPECIAL EQUIPMENT: 274
• 104 INSTRUMENTATION: 275
• 105 OPTIONS AND ACCESSORIES: 277
• 106 DEMAGNETIZING UNITS: 282
• 107 SITING OF UNITS: 284
• Quality control: 289
• 113 CONTROL OF CONSUMABLE MATERIALS: 304
• 114 CONCLUSIONS: 317
• Magnetism and magnetic properties of materials: 321
• 122 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETISM: 322
• 123 THE MAGNETIC CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS: 329
• 124 MAGNETIZATION CURVES: 337
• Basic electromagnetic field theory: 345
• 133 ELECTROSTATICS: 348
• 134 STEADY ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND MAGNETIC FIELDS: 358
• 135 MAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR IN MATERIALS: 366
• 136 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION: 373
• 137 SKIN EFFECT: 380
• 138 MAXWELLS EQUATIONS: 381
• 139 CONCLUSIONS: 384
• Analysis and measurement of magnetic fields: 387
• 142 MEASUREMENT OF INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELDS FOR MPI: 394
• 143 CONCLUSIONS: 407
• Health and safety in magnetic particle inspection: 409
• 152 CHEMICALASPECTS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY: 410
• 153 STORAGE AND HANDLING OF CHEMICALS FOR MPI: 416
• 154 DOCUMENTATION FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY: 417
• 155 PHYSICAL SAFETY: 420
• 156 MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT: 423
• Environmental impact of magnetic particle inspection: 427
• 162 BIODEGRADABILITY: 428
• 163 EFFLUENT FROM MPI: 429
• 164 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: 431
• 165 SUMMARY: 432
• Answers to questions: 433
• Index: 453

Bibliographic information

• Title: Magnetic Particle Inspection: A practical guide
• Author: M.J. Lovejoy
• Edition: illustrated
• Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, 1993
• ISBN: 0412447509, 9780412447501
• Length: 460 pages
• Subjects: Business & Economics / Production & Operations Management; Technology & Engineering / Industrial Design / General; Technology & Engineering / Industrial Design / Product; Technology & Engineering / Manufacturing; Technology & Engineering / Materials Science