Organization, Control and the Single Entity Defense in Antitrust |
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actual or potential agglomerations anesthesia services anesthesiologists antitrust appeal to control basis of economic benchmark business arrangements candidate single entity cartel centers of decision-making Chicago Professional Sports competition conspiring constitute a single contribute complementary inputs economic unity implied encapsulates entity case law exclusive contract exit provisions extend single entity F.Supp fail the test generator's Governance Scenario governance structure identify implied by Criteria maintain control rights Major League Soccer market definition member hospitals National Basketball Association National Football League National Hockey League network effects nexus of parties nexuses of control operationalize parties that maintain patent holder potential competitors reserves control rights residual control rights rights with respect rule-of-reason analysis satisfies the test Seagram and Sons second nexus secure single entity Sherman Act single entity defense single entity question single entity status single entity tests sports leagues subsidiaries suggest teams test of economic Tolkien Enterprises two-stage sequence veto provision Williamson