Public Policies and the Misuse of Forest ResourcesSix contributors explore the role of governments in accelerating the rate of forest destruction by providing direct and indirect subsidies to support what would otherwise be non-commercial logging operations. Without these financial incentives, most timber operations in the tropics would cease. In a series of country-by-country investigations, including examples from the developed and developing worlds, this book documents the government policies that are leading to the misuse of forest resources. Each is written by an authority on the county, and each contains descriptive, analytical and empirical material on key policies and their effects. The final country analysis focuses on the United States, where the consequences of the subsidized timber sales by the US Forest Service from most of the national forests are discussed. The book concludes with an overview of the impact of forest policies and the role of bilateral and multilateral agencies in their formulation. By directing attention toward the political dimension involved in forest clearance, this book will provide a clearer insight into the basic reasons why forests continue to be destroyed despite the outcry raised by conservationists. |
Contents
Overview | 1 |
The extent and rate of deforestation | 2 |
The reasons for deforestation in tropical countries | 15 |
Forest sector policies | 18 |
Policies outside the forest sector | 32 |
Conclusions | 37 |
Indonesia public policies resource management and the tropical forest | 43 |
Forestry policies | 53 |
Provisional methods for management of the stumpage price system draft proposal submitted to the Ministry of Forestry | 240 |
Public policy and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon | 247 |
Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon | 251 |
Amazon regional development policies and the forestry sector | 256 |
Rural credit and the forest sector | 261 |
Forest impacts of the livestock sector | 265 |
Financial performance of subsidized Amazon cattle ranches | 267 |
Small farmer settlement policy and the forest sector | 278 |
Nonforestry policies toward forestbased industry | 67 |
Other policies affecting forest utilization | 76 |
Timber rents and rent capture | 84 |
Selective cutting ad valorem royalties and damage to forest quality | 98 |
Effective protection log export taxes and domestic processing of tropical forest products | 105 |
Malaysia public policies and the tropical forest | 115 |
Sabah | 120 |
Sarawak | 143 |
Peninsular Malaysia | 153 |
Incentive policies and forest use in the Philippines | 165 |
Key issues in forest policy | 180 |
Conclusion | 198 |
Price and policy the keys to revamping Chinas forestry resources | 205 |
Price and policy | 215 |
Markets and management | 218 |
Countermeasures | 221 |
Recalculating administrative prices | 222 |
Applications | 231 |
Markets and management | 232 |
Conclusions | 238 |
Conclusions and recommendations | 283 |
West Africa resource management policies and the tropical forest | 299 |
Forest resources and deforestation | 300 |
Property rights and foreign investments in West Africa | 312 |
Benefits and rent capture in forest exploitation | 316 |
Reforestation | 332 |
Concession terms | 334 |
Forestbased industrialization policies | 337 |
Nonforestry policies | 342 |
Subsidized timber sales from national forest lands in the United States | 353 |
Evaluating belowcost timber sales | 357 |
Upward and downward biases in the estimates | 366 |
Nontimber benefits and belowcost timber sales | 369 |
Contributions to community stability | 373 |
Fiscal impacts | 376 |
Conclusions | 379 |
Conclusion findings and policy implications | 385 |
Improving the policy environment for utilization of natural forests | 394 |
| 411 | |
Common terms and phrases
agricultural Amazônia annual average benefits Chapter concessionaires concessions costs countries damage deforestation domestic East Kalimantan economic effects estimated exchange rate export tax export values fees firms foreign forest area forest estate forest land forest products forest resources forest sector Forest Service forest-based industrialization forestry forestry policies fuelwood Gabon Ghana Gillis hectares high-grading incentives income tax increased Indonesia investment Ivory Coast Liberia license log exports log harvests logged-over loggers ment meters of logs million cubic meters million hectares mills national forests natural forest pasture Peninsular Malaysia percent of total Philippines plantations plymills plywood processing programs projects ranches regions rent capture Rondônia rural Sabah Sarawak sawmills sawn timber shifting cultivation Source species stands stumpage stumpage price subsidies SUDAM Table timber timber exports timber operations timber rents timber royalty timber sales timber sector tion transmigration program trees tropical forest U.S. dollars value-added wood products World Bank