Seasonal Hunger and Public Policies: Evidence from Northwest BangladeshAgricultural development through crop diversification, irrigation, high yielding crop varieties, and public investments in infrastructure has improved food security and its seasonal dimension worldwide in recent years. Consequently, the severity of seasonal hunger caused by agricultural crop cycles has lessened substantially. Yet in agricultural pockets scattered throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, seasonal hunger persists, especially among the rural poor, owing primarily to idiosyncratic shocks caused by agricultural seasonality. More than four-fifths of the world s poor live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for livelihoods. Because of seasonal income shocks, the poor who are generally poor are likely to be even poorer during a particular agricultural season, while those who are not poor year-round may also be so during that season. Also, seasonal hunger may lead to endemic poverty if its adverse effects on income and consumption are irreversible. Policies aimed at reducing overall poverty often disregard its seasonal dimension, because standard poverty statistics do not consider seasonal hunger in the official data collection and analysis, there is no direct way to determine how many of the bottom billion, as economist Paul Collier refers to the world s poorest people, suffer from seasonal hunger. Even worse, regions prone to severe seasonal hunger are unlikely to attract the public investments required to raise the local economy s resilience through income diversification and thus break the seasonal-poverty cycle. The book provides an exhaustive inquiry of Bangladesh s seasonal hunger with special reference to the North West region. The seasonality of poverty and food deprivation is a common feature of rural livelihood but it is more marked in the north-west region of Bangladesh. The book also presents an evaluation of several policy interventions launched recently in mitigating seasonality, which provide a test case of what works and what does not in combating seasonal hunger. The major findings of the book are the following: (a) Policies to improve food security should explicitly take into account the seasonal dimension of food deprivation. (b) Gains from initiatives to combat seasonal hunger should be monitored and consolidated to ensure sustainable impacts. (c) Policies should also focus on areas that, owing to environmental degradation and climate change, are increasingly vulnerable to seasonal hunger and food insecurity in general. |
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agricultural agroclimatic areas assets Bangladesh capita chapter consumption smoothing coping mechanisms coping strategies crop Dhaka district economic effect employment endemic expenditure extreme poverty factors famine Figure food consumption food deprivation status food insecurity full meals global Grameen Bank greater Rangpur growth households in Rangpur income seasonality increase InM baseline survey Institute of Microfinance instrumental variables interventions Khandker labor Lalmonirhat district lean season livelihood meal rationing microcredit programs mitigating seasonal monga period monga season Nilphamari district non-monga period ordered logit outcome panel data percent percentage points PKSF poor households poverty estimates poverty line poverty reduction Rangpur district Rangpur region Ravallion reducing regular microfinance rice risk rural households safety nets safety-net programs seasonal food deprivation seasonal hunger seasonal income seasonal migration seasonal poverty seasonal stress seasonality of income smooth consumption social safety-net sonal starvation during monga Table targeting tion ultrapoor upazila variables villages wage World Bank year-round