Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep: Is REM Sleep a Physiological Paradox?This book aims at presenting biologists and clinicians with a compact description of the physiological manifestations of sleep that are significant from the viewpoint of the principle of homeostasis. In the jargon of the physiological literature, the word ?homeostasis?, introduced by W.B. Cannon (1926), refers to the existence of a constant state of extracellular body fluids with regard to their physical and chemical properties. Since normal cell function depends on the constancy of such fluids, in multicellular animals there are many regulatory mechanisms under the control of the central nervous system that act to maintain the constancy of the internal environment.The experimental study of homeostasis in wakefulness already revealed the nature and complexity of the underlying physiological mechanisms. Many of these regulatory mechanisms trigger compensatory changes according to the principle of negative feedback. In contrast, the control of homeostasis across sleep states is still an issue under debate concerning its physiological persistence and significance. The author's aim is to find the specific mechanistic proofs of the actual consistency or inconsistency of the principle in different states of sleep. In this respect, there are several interacting physiological functions that ought to be examined across the sleep states. The selection of the most significant experimental data is carried out with a view to present a simple but not simplistic approach to the issue.The book brings forth the evidence that the systemic homeostatic regulation of many physiological variables underlying cellular life is not active in a particular state of the ultradian sleep cycle in mammals. It also shows the theoretical and functional importance of the principle of homeostasis, as a criterion of the systemic characterisation of the integrative control of physiological functions by the central nervous system during sleep in mammals. |
Contents
Chapter 1 The Principle of Homeostasis | 1 |
Chapter 2 The Study of Homeostasis in Sleep | 9 |
Chapter 3 Respiration in Sleep | 21 |
Chapter 4 Circulation in Sleep | 29 |
Chapter 5 Temperature Regulation in Sleep | 39 |
Chapter 6 Influence of Temperature on Sleep | 57 |
Chapter 7 Compartmentalised Brain Homeostasis in Sleep | 65 |
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activity ambient temperature arousal Azzaroni and Parmeggiani baroreflex body temperature brain cooling Brain Res brain stem brain temperature cardiovascular carotid blood cats central nervous system changes Chapter characterised circadian circle of Willis circulation common carotid artery decrease desynchronised diencephalon electroencephalogram elicited experimental Franzini heart rate heat exchangers heat loss hierarchical Homeostasis and Poikilostasis homeostatic homeostatic regulation homeothermy humans hypothalamic hypothalamic temperature increase influence integrative Lenzi mammals Mancia mechanisms Modified from Parmeggiani neural control neurons Neurophysiol normal NREM Orem Parmeggiani and Rabini Phillipson Physiol physiological functions physiological operators physiological parameters Poikilostasis in Sleep pontine postural preoptic preoptic-anterior hypothalamic principle of homeostasis quiet wakefulness rabbits rapid eye movements rats reflex REM sleep REM sleep episode respiration respiratory result rhombencephalon skeletal muscle sleep and REM somatic and autonomic species Systemic Homeostasis tachypnea telencephalon temperature regulation thermal loads thermoregulation thermoregulatory thermoregulatory responses ultradian sleep cycle ultradian wake-sleep cycle underlying variables vasomotion wakefulness and NREM