The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, Volumes 1-2

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Page 2-37 - The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. 'This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent ; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion...
Page 7-18 - During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible.
Page 8-9 - To have a right, then, is, I conceive, to have something which society ought to defend me in the possession of. If the objector goes on to ask why it ought, I can give him no other reason than general utility.
Page 7-18 - The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.
Page 26 - Studious inquiry or examination ; specifically and usually, critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws, in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical applications of such new or revised conclusions, etc.
Page 4-77 - Commission was to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects...
Page 10-22 - No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects.
Page 1-45 - ... 7 Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability or death. 8. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment 9.
Page 7-20 - Clinical research should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons and under the supervision of a qualified medical man. 3. Clinical research cannot legitimately be carried out unless the importance of the objective is in proportion to the inherent risk to the subject. 4. Every clinical research project should be preceded by careful assessment of inherent risks in comparison to foreseeable benefits to the subject or to others.
Page 3-2 - Informed consent" means the knowing consent of an individual or his legally authorized representative, so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice without undue inducement or any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, or other form of constraint or coercion.

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