The Japanese Abacus: Its Use and TheoryThis concise and informative text contains the basic principles of mathematical calculations on the abacus. |
Contents
Abacus versus Electric Calculator | 11 |
Brief History of the Abacus | 23 |
Basic Principles of Calculation | 26 |
Copyright | |
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1-unit beads 12 on GH 21 Step A B A B A B C D E F FIG A B C D E F G H I J K FIG A B C D FIG A B FIG abacus calculation Abacus Committee abacus operator ABCD Fig ABCDEFGHI FIG accuracy Adding and Subtracting addition and subtraction Applicable problems Chinese abacus Compare complementary digit decimal fraction electric calculating machine Example 20 example shows FG Fig H Fig illustrates the procedure Japan Japanese abacus last digit last whole digit leaves the answer mechanical mental arithmetic mental calculation method minutes move multiplicand Unit rod multiplication and division Note One-Digit Numbers Order of Operation procedure applies product 14 product 21 product is formed quotient is formed second rod set the dividend set the product Set the quotient setting the multiplicand significant figure soroban Step 3 Step subtract the product tens unit point