The Impact of Mode and Mode Transfers on Commuter Stress |
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absenteeism Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree behavior car pool catecholamine Community Psychology commute predictability commuter line Commuter Route commuter's commuting changes commuting conditions commuting mode commuting trip covariance crowding density difference scores Disagree Agree Strongly Disagree Neither Agree drivers environmental psychology experimental group factors gender Hoboken hypotheses indicators of stress intervention Jersey Transit Journal less stress levels LIKERT scale live longitudinal Lundberg mass transit measures mediator variables Midtown Direct Service midtown Manhattan mode transfers Montclair Connection motivation performance neighborhoods neuroendocrine NJ Transit number of mode number of stages outcome Paired t-tests Pennsylvania Station perceived control perceived stress population Post-Intervention pre-intervention proofreading task psychophysiological stress reduced relationship replicated salivary cortisol salivette sample significant significantly simulated commuters slum social spillover effects statistically controlling Stokols stress scales stressor Strongly Disagree Disagree suburban suburbs Table traffic congestion train commute Transportation underlying mechanisms unslumming urban variable Wirth World Trade Center