Viral Proteins Counteracting Host DefensesU.H. Koszinowski, H. Hengel Since the first observations of viral interference with antigen presentation in the MHC class-I pathway, the field has advanced to a detailed analysis. We know numerous genes and for some of them we have profound information on their mechanistic function. The antigen presentation pathway is affected at all stages starting from proteasomal degradation of an antigenic viral protein, as shown for EBV, transfer of the proteasomal cleavage products as peptides in the ER by specific transporters, the loading of the nascent MHC class-I molecule, and finally the transport of the complex to the surface and presentation in a normal or deranged form. All these different steps of the MHC class-I antigen presentation pathway are targets for viral proteins. Not only MHC class-I but also MHC class-II proteins are a target of viral influence either by direct downregulation and degradation of proteins or by interference of signal transduction pathways. |
Contents
A GUTERMANN A BUBECK M WAGNER U REUSCH | 1 |
N P DANTUMA A SHARIPO and M G MASUCCI | 23 |
F J VAN DER Wal M KIKKERT and E WIERTZ | 37 |
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Acad Sci USA activation adenovirus antigen presentation antigen processing antiviral apoptosis associated with antigen Biol Chem BURGERT cell lines cell surface cellular chemokine receptors class I heavy class I homologues class I molecules cytokines cytosol cytotoxic degradation domain downregulation EBNA1 encoded fibroblasts function gene expression gene product genome glycoprotein gpUS6 HCMV heavy chains HENGEL herpes simplex virus herpesvirus HLA-E homolog human cytomegalovirus identified IFN-y immune response Immunol induced infected cells inhibition inhibitory interaction interferon Kaposi's Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Koszinowski UH KSHV ligand lymphocytes lysis macrophages major histocompatibility complex MCMV mechanisms mediated membrane MHC class MHC class II MHC-I modulate mouse murine cytomegalovirus mutant Natl Acad Sci natural killer cells NK cells pathway peptide peptide transport Ploegh HL Proc Natl Acad proteasome replication role sequence signal transduction substrates subunits TAP1 TAP2 target transcription transfected transmembrane ubiquitin viral proteins viruses vivo Wiertz