Estrogens as Endogenous Carcinogens in the Breast and Prostate |
Common terms and phrases
4-hydroxylation 5a-reductase activity African-Americans allele androgen receptor androstenedione antiestrogens aromatase associated Biochem Biol breast cancer breast cancer risk breast epithelial cells breast tissue breast tumors cancer cells Cancer Res carcinogenesis carcinogenic carcinoma case-control study catalyzed catechol catechol estrogens catechol-O-methyltransferase cell proliferation cellular chemical chromosome COMT conjugation control subjects cytochrome P450 depurinating disease DNA damage E₂ effects endogenous environmental enzymes ER-a estradiol estrogen metabolism estrogen receptor estrogen-induced estrone European-American exposure expression ferritin formation function gene genetic polymorphisms genotoxic genotype gland glucuronide growth HBECs hormone levels human breast hydroxylation increased induced interactions isoforms Liehr JG ligands liver mammary mechanisms metabolism metabolites mice microsomes molecular mutations Natl Cancer Inst normal oxidative DNA pathways plasma postmenopausal prostate cancer prostate cancer risk prostate carcinogenesis protein quinones redox cycling risk factors role Russo sample serum steroid hormone sulfate SULT tamoxifen testosterone tion transcription vasectomy vitro women