Introduction to BioelectrodesThis book is the outgrowth of several courses that the author has taught during the last decade at three universities. Most recently, it has served as the principal text for a course offered in the Bioengineering Graduate Program at the University of Wyoming. The book is designed to fill two needs. For the casual reader who just wants to know something about electrodes, it provides a general overview of the types of electrodes available for different uses. For the student, clinician, and researcher, theories are discussed and practical methods are described. Both fabrication methods and techniques for use are presented for a variety of electrodes, as well as electrode systems and configurations. The discussion applies to electrodes in both the stimulating and recording modes. In addition to fabrication and use techniques, there is extensive dis cussion of various problems associated with electrodes. Attention is directed to electrode polarization (both alternating-and direct-current phenomena), electrical noise, and requirements for backup instrumentation such as electronic amplifiers. A brief treatment of signal analysis and filtering tech niques is included to complement the chapter dealing with amplifiers and the discussions of noise. |
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ACEMB action potential Ag-AgCl electrode Alternating-current anode aqueous bandwidth basic biological C₁ calibration calomel capacitance cathode cell Chapter chloride electrodes chopper concentration configuration constant current density dc amplifier Debye-Hückel equations determined effect electrode polarization impedance electrode potential electrode surface electrolyte equations experimental feedback Ferris filter frequency Fricke's law function glass electrodes glass membrane glass microelectrodes H₂O half-cell high-pass filter hydrogen input capacitance input circuit insulated interface ion-selective electrode ionic ions Janz layer linear material measurement membrane electrodes metal electrode metal microelectrodes microelectrode micropipette noise occurs op-amp operational amplifier output oxide pH electrodes phase platinized platinum platinum electrodes polarization capacitance potentiometer preamplifier problem Proc produced pulse quinhydrone R₁ R₂ reaction reference electrode relation resistance response risetime saline salt bridge sample Schwan shown in Figure shunt silver silver-silver chloride stimulating techniques temperature test solution transistor trodes tube V₁ values voltage wire