Biogeography: Space, Time and Life |
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adapted Africa arctic areas Asia Australia biodiversity biogeographers biological biome birds California Cambridge canopy caused changes cladograms climate colonization competition conifer coniferous continents deciduous decrease desert dispersal dominated earth Ecology ecosystems environment environmental Eurasia evolution evolutionary example extinction fauna fires flora fossil genera genetic genus geographic distributions geographic range glacial global gradient grass grassland growth habitat Holocene Homo Homo erectus humans impact increased insects island biogeography lakes last glacial maximum latitudes lodgepole pine mammals marsupials million years ago moisture Mountains niche North America northern number of species occur ocean organisms photosynthesis physical pine Pinus plant species plants and animals pollen population precipitation predators rates regions relatively savanna seasonal seeds shrublands shrubs soil South southern speciation species diversity species richness spruce stomata surface survive temperatures tion tree species trophic levels tundra University Press vegetation warm winter zone