The Clinical Biology of Sodium: The Physiology and Pathophysiology of Sodium in MammalsThe physiological and clinical importance of sodium rests on four fundamental features: sodium transport establishes gradients which underlie other essential transport processes, the responsiveness of excitable tissues, and protect cells from swelling; it is also a major demand on the available energy supply (ATP); sodium is the osmotic skeleton of the internal environment; sodium reabsorption is the foundation on which much renal function rests; and sodium excretion enables the kidney to be the main long-term regulator of blood pressure. Nephrologists, gastroenterologists, cardiologists, obstetricians, anaesthetists and internists treating a range of diseases frequently need to manipulate sodium balance to the advantage of patients; often this is a pivotal aspect of their therapeutic strategy. |
Contents
Distribution Functions | 1 |
Renal Sodium Regulation | 29 |
Enteric Sodium Uptake | 57 |
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acidosis aldosterone aldosterone secretion angiotensin angiotensin II arterial pressure atrial natriuretic peptide bicarbonate blood pressure calcium capillaries cardiac glycosides cardiac output cause cells changes Chap Chapter chloride chronic Clin clinical dehydration diarrhoea dietary disease distal nephron diuretics ECF volume effects essential hypertension factor filtration Fluid and Electrolyte glomerular hormones humans hyperkalaemia hypernatraemia hypovolaemia important increased inhibition inhibitors interstitial fluid intestine intracellular involved kidney Laragh loop loss magnesium mechanisms membrane metabolic Michell mineralocorticoid mmol/day mmol/kg/day natriuresis natriuretic peptide nephron normal oedema osmolality osmotic ouabain patients Physiol Physiology plasma sodium concentration plasma volume potassium pregnancy prostaglandins proximal tubule rats reabsorption receptors reduced regulation of sodium renal failure renal function renal perfusion renal sodium renin response result role salt appetite salt intake Schrier sheep sodium balance sodium depletion sodium excretion sodium intake sodium regulation sodium retention sodium transport solutions Suppl therapy tubular urinary urine vasoconstriction