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accepted according analysis applied Arabic aspects assigned attempt attitudes avan avar bilingualism called Colloquial Tamil condition considered contexts conversation conversion rules Creole culture definition determined developed dialect Diglossia and Literacy diglossic languages diglossic situation distance educated example exists failed Ferguson Fishman foreign formal education four functional distribution given gives grammar graphemes high variety important influence Jayakandan kind knowledge language situation levels Linguistics literary and spoken literatures low variety LT and ST Madras marker measured mutually nasal nature needs Notes ordinary particular Person phonemes Pillai plural pointed present problem region represent rule says seen Silva social society Socio-linguistic speech community spoken form spoken Tamil spoken variety standard language stories structural style suffix taken Tamil diglossia Tamil speech community tense term tion understand University varieties of Tamil verb words writers written and spoken written Tamil written variety