Traditional and Alternative Medicine: Research and Policy PerspectivesTuley De Silva Herbs and traditional medicines are being extensively used for healthcare in almost all the countries. Ancient religious texts are replete with references on the use of natural products with medicinal properties. Because of local beliefs and cost considerations, herbal medicines remain a popular mode of treatment in the developing countries. Even in the industrialised society, rising cost of prescription drugs and ensuing side effects of the treatment, make it highly attractive to use the traditional medicine particularly for minor ailments. Modern system of medicine is based on sound experimental data, toxicity studies and human clinical studies, however pharmacopoeia on herbal products is usually not available. Precisely, herbal industry lacks good manufacturing practices as standards of the medicinal plant products are not well regulated and the quality of finished herbal products is often not up to the mark. For this reason, many medicinal plants are either getting scarce or are on the verge of extinction resulting into genetic erosion due to a huge public demand and extraction of massive amount of modern drugs from these plants. If this trend continues, the human race will lose some of the most important sources of future drugs, which will be lost by the mankind forever. The focus of this book prominently encompasses the importance of traditional medicine in our modern health systems and discusses the potential applications of phyto-chemicals to assist bio-molecular mechanisms, and hence offer realistic and therapeutic possibilities. It includes review papers on production strategies, projection trends, regulatory status and IPR issues, and reports on the characterization and isolation of useful medicinal plant phyto-chemicals, clinical and bioactivity studies comprising antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, hepato-protective and acetylcholinesterase assays. Finally, a series of comprehensive country reports provide an evaluation of the use of traditional heath care systems and related research output in many developing countries. This book is chiefly based on the discussions and presentations during the International Workshop on Herbal Medicinal Plants and Traditional Herb Remedies , 20-21 September 2007, Hanoi, Vietnam. It is likely to contribute to an understanding of the status of research, policies and regulatory status of medicinal plants and their products in developing countries, and the information presented herein would hopefully serve as a valuable material for the scientists and professionals engaged in this subject area. Contents Part I: Review Papers Chapter 1: Herbal Medicines: From Research to the Production Line by Emmanuel A. Orgah; Chapter 2: Factors Influencing Secondary Metabolism and Therapeutic Efficacy of Medicinal Plants by P. Pushpangadan and Varughese George; Chapter 3: Medicinal Plants/Traditional Medicine and IPR Protection by P. Pushpangadan and Varughese George; Chapter 4: Regulation of Herbal Healthcare Products by Tuley De Silva; Chapter 5: Traditional Medicine in the Developing and Developed Countries and Expected Trends in Future by Tuley De Silva. Part II: Phytochemistry Chapter 6: New and Interesting Compounds from Some Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh by Choudhury M. Hasan; Chapter 7: Xanthone Derivatives from Cratoxylon cochinchinense Blume by Ha Viet Son, Hoang Thanh Huong and Nguyen Huu Khoi; Chapter 8: Flavonoids from Belamcanda sinensis by Le Minh Ha, Nguyen Van Hoan and Tran Cam Son; Chapter 9: Peroxygenases: New Extra-cellular Mushroom Enzymes which Oxygenate Aromatic Compounds by Ren Ullrich, Dau Hung Anh, Matthias, Kinne, Martin Kluge, Christian Dolge, Mandy Starke, Christiana Liers, Katrina Scheibner, Do Hue Nghi, Le Mai Huong and Martin Hofrichter; Chapter 10: A New Flavan from the Stems of Dracaena cambodiana by Tran Thu Huong, Nguyen Hai Dang, Phan Van Kiem and Chau Van Minh; Chapter 11: Genetic Diversity of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees of Brunei Darussalam Determined by RAPD and PCR-RFLP Analyses by Kui Hong Chua, C.G. Li, C.L. Xue Charlie and E.C.K. Pang; Chapter 12: Improvement of the Method for Simultaneous Determination of Indirubin and Indigo by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry by Bui Huu Tai and Nguyen Manh Cuong; Chapter 13: Study on Chemical Constituents of Ophiopogon confertifolius by Nguyen Thi Vinh Hue, Nguyen Duy Thuan, Nguyen Trong Thong Chau Van Minh and Phan Van Kiem; Chapter 14: Isostephaoxocanine: A New Dihydroisoquinoline Alkaloid from the Roots of Stephania brachyandra Diels. by Nguyen Quoc Huy, Pham Thanh Ky, Tran Van On, Chau Van Minh and Phan Van Kiem; Chapter 15: Gleditschiaside B and C: Two New Carbohydrate Esters of Cinnamic Acid from the Leaves of Gleditschia australis Hemsl. by Nguyen Thi Hong Van, Phan Van Kiem, Chau Van Minh and Alessandra Braca; Chapter 16: A New Triterpene from Baeckea frutescens L. (Myrtaceae) by Tran Hong Quang, Phan Van Kiem and Chau Van Minh; Chapter 17: Study on the Chemical Constituents of Polygonum hydropiper L. by Tran Thi Quynh Hoa, Nguyen Xuan Nhiem, Hoang Thanh Huong, Ha Viet Hai, Phan Van Kiem and Chau Van Minh; Chapter 18: Chemical Constituents from Clerodendrum inerme L. by Tran Thi Minh, Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh, Vu Dao Thang and Tran Van Sung; Chapter 19: Isolation and Characterization of Triterpenes and a Phenolic Glycoside from Celastrus hindsii Benth by Trinh Thi Thuy, Tran Van Sung, Nguyen Huy Cuong and Pham Thi Ninh; Chapter 20: Chemical Studies on Five Vietnamese Fissistigma Species (Annonaceae) by Tran Van Sung, Trinh Phuong Lien, Trinh Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh, Nguyen Hong Van and Tran Duc Quan; Chapter 21: The Synthesis of a Novel Bibenzopyran Relied on Electro-oxidation of Malloapelta B by Cyclic Voltammetry by Phan Thi Binh, Bui Hai Ninh, Chau Van Minh, Nguyen Hoai Nam, Le Mai Huong and Phan Van Kiem; Chapter 22: A New Dammarane-Type Triterpene Saponin from Eriochloa ramosa (Retz) Hack (Poaceae) by Le Thi Kim Loan, Nguyen Xuan Nhiem, Chau Van Minh and Phan Van Kiem; Chapter 23: Indole Alkaloids from Kopsia pitardii Merr. (Apocynaceae) by Do Thi Thu Huong, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh, Nguyen Quyet Chien and Nguyen Van Hung; Chapter 24: Review of Lupane Triterpenoids from Acanthopanax Species and their Pharmacological Activities by Nguyen Xuan Nhiem, Nguyen Huu Tung, Eun Mi Choi and Young Ho Kim. Part III: Clinical and Bioactivity Studies Chapter 25: Traditional and Modern Applications of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. and Azadirachta indica A Juss-Vital Trees of South India by C. Rajasekaran, E. Meignanam, N. Premkumar, T. Kalaivani, R. Siva and V. Vijayakumar; Chapter 26: Antifungal Constituents from the Stems of Dracaena cambodiana by Nguyen Hai Dang, Phan Van Kiem, Chau Van Minh and Tran Thu Huong; Chapter 27: Cytotoxic Activity Assessment of Traditional Anticancer Plants Belong to Some Species of Selaginella of Vietnam by Le Minh Ha and Le Mai Huong; Chapter 28: Chemical and Biological Studies of Seed of Vietnamese Citrus Plant by Doan Lan Phuong, Pham Quoc Long and B. Matthaus; Chapter 29: Study on Antipolyarthritic Activity of Rhizoma cibotii by Dien Vu Van, Tram Nguyen Thi and Duong Nguyen Thuy; Chapter 30: Study on Chemical Composition and Some Bio-activities of Herba piperis Lolot by Dien Vu Van and Hung Le Quoc; Chapter 31: Study on Antioxidant Activities and Principles of Vietnamese Bitter Tea Ilex kudingcha by Phuong Thien Thuong, Nguyen Hai Dang, Tran Minh Ngoc, Tran Manh Hung, Nguyen Duy Thuan and Won Keun Oh; Chapter 32: Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-1B Inhibitory Constituents from Erythrina spp. by Long Cui, Zacharias Tanee Fomum, Phuong Thien Thuong and Won Keun Oh; Chapter 33: Management of Difficult Fistula in Ano by Ksharasutra (Chemical Seton) by Manoranjan Sahu; Chapter 34: Studies on Breast Cancer in Relation to Prakriti (Constitution) by Mridula Singh and G.C. Prasad; Chapter 35: Studies on Hepato-protective Action of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis (Triphala) by O.P. Singh, N. Sujatha, P.K. Rai, N.P. Rai and S.K. Singh; Chapter 36: Status of AYUSH and Need for Standardization of Medicinal Plants by A. Saraswathy; Chapter 37: The Research of Bioactive Components from Different Plants: Case of Rwanda by Kabera N. Justin and Nyetera Polycarpe; Chapter 38: Identification of Interaction of Mosquito Larvicidal Compounds from Lantana viburnoides ssp. viburnoides var. kisi by Using Subtraction Bioassay by Ester Innocent, Nicholas K. Gikonyo, M.J. Moshi , Mayunga H.H. Nkunya , Joseph C. Cosam and Ahmed Hassanali; Chapter 39: Chemoprofiling and Bioefficacy Evaluation of Herbal Drugs and Formulations Pre-treated by Gamma Radiation for Microbial Decontamination by Bishan Datt Gupta; Chapter 40: In vitro Antioxidative Activity of Some Medicinal Plants by Nguyen Ngoc Hong, Ho Thi Cam Hoai, Ho Huynh Thuy Duong and Tran Hung; Chapter 41: Bioactivities of a Vietnamese Medicinal Plant Vang Se (Jasminum subtriplinerve Blume.) by Dai Hue Ngan, Ho Thi Cam Hoai, Le Mai Huong, Poul Erik Hansen and Ole Vang; Chapter 42: Use of Acetylcholinesterase Activity for the Quantitative Determination of Organophosphate Pesticides by Le Minh Tri, Nguyen Quoc Khang and Ngo Thi Thuy Phuong; Chapter 4:3 A Contribution to Medico-Ethnobotany of Kalahandi District, Orissa, on Ear and Mouth Disease by Nalini Sadangi, Rabindra N. Padhy and Rajani K. Sahu; Chapter 44: Traditional Veterinary Herbal Practices of Kalahandi District, Orissa, India by N. Sadangi, R.N. Padhy and R.K. Sahu; Part IV: Country Reports Chapter 45: Country Status Report on Traditional Medicine Research and Development in Nigeria by Emmanuel Orgah; Chapter 46: Most Widely Traded Plant Drugs of Turkey by K. Hsn Can BASER; Chapter 47: Socio-economic Development and Traditional Medicinal Knowledge Protection in Relwa, Dediapada and Nani Singloti Villages by Lancelot D Cruz; Chapter 48: An Introduction to the Studies of Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in the Lao People s Democratic Republic by Bounhong Southavong, Kongmany Sydara and Somsanith Bouamanivong; Chapter 49: Herbal Prophylactics in Mauritius: Status of Traditional Use and Research by Theeshan Bahorun; Chapter 50: Research on Some Indigenous Medicinal Plants of Myanmar by Soe Soe Win; Chapter 51: Status of Medicinal Plants and Prospects of their Cultivation in Dang by Chiranjivi Regmi; Chapter 52: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Bioprospecting and Product Development in South Africa: A Policy, Research, Development and Innovation Perspective by Hlupheka Chabalala; Chapter 53: Indonesia Country Report on Herbal Medicinal Plants and Traditional Herbs Remedies by Adriana Marthiany Lubis; Chapter 54: Some Frontline Medicinal Plants of Kashmir Himalaya Used in Unani Medicine: Present Status and Role by Tariq Ahmad Butt and M.K. Siddiqui; Chapter 55: Perceptions, Attitudes, Knowledge and Practice of Traditional Medicines Among Bruneians: A Pilot Study by Nurolaini Pg Haji Muhd Kifli, Zaw Wint and Linda Lim; Chapter 56: Herbal Remedies and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Bhutan by Phurpa Wangchuk; Chapter 57: A Preliminary Study on the Lowering of Cholesterol Levels by a Combination of Black Seed and Garlic by M.H.A. Tissera, K.M.M. Kadudunkorala and K. Withanarachchi; Chapter 58: The Brief History and Development of Traditional Medical Science in Mongolia by A. Altantsetseg and Ch. Chimedragchaa. |
Contents
From Research to the Production Line | 3 |
Factors Influencing Secondary Metabolism and Therapeutic | 17 |
Medicinal PlantsTraditional Medicine and IPR Protection | 25 |
Copyright | |
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1.0 Introduction 3.0 Results Acanthopanax acid alkaloids analysis Andrographis paniculata antimicrobial antioxidant antioxidant activity aqueous aromatic assay Ayurveda bark bioactive biodiversity biological cancer carbon CD,OD cell cent CH₂ chemical Chemistry chiisanoside chromatography clinical compounds constituents correlated cytotoxic diseases DPPH drugs effect enzyme ESI-MS m/z essential oil ethyl acetate flavonoids fraction H-NMR Hanoi healthcare herbal medicines herbs HMBC HPLC HSQC hydroxyl India indigenous indigo indirubin inhibition inhibitory isolated Keywords leaves liver manufacturing medicinal plants MeOH methanol method methyl Ministry Mongolian Myanmar Natural Products Nguyen NMR data NT NT OH OH oxidation patients pharmaceutical pharmacological phenolic Phytochemical Phytochemistry Plant Material plant species powder Prakriti Products Chemistry proton Roxb samples saponins Science and Technology signals silica gel spectra spectrum standard structure Table therapeutic traditional medicine treatment Triphala triterpene Unani Vietnam Vietnamese µg/ml