3

mentioned. In Homer the article appears only occasionally with a proper name when a new person is introduced, and "marks the turning of attention to a person," "2 rather than pointing to a particular person as in Attic. "In short the Homeric article contrasts, the Attic article defines." But, as a matter of fact, no satisfactory principle can be laid down for the use or non-use of the article with proper names. For good discussion of the matter see Gildersleeve, Am. Jour. of Philol., XI, pp. 483 ff. In modern Greek the article occurs with all kinds of proper names (Thumb, Handb., p. 41). Moulton (Prol., p. 83) admits the inability of scholars to solve "completely the problem of the article with proper names." Abbott (Joh. Gr., p. 57 f.) notes that John generally introduces a proper name without the article and then uses it. The papyri also follow this classical idiom of using the article with proper names when mentioned a second time. So when a man's father or mother is given in the genitive, we usually have the article. Cf. Deissmann, Phil. Wochenschrift, 1902, p. 1467; Moulton, Prol., p. 83. The papyri throw no great light on the subject. Radermacher (N. T. Gr., p. 95), claims that the papyri confirm the N. T. usage. In the papyri slaves regularly have the article, even when the master does not (Völker, Syntax, p. 9). For Σαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος (Ac. 13 : 9) the papyri show numerous parallels. Cf. Deissmann, Bible Studies, pp. 313 ff. Mayser (Gr. d. griech. Pap., p. 310 f.), as already shown, takes & here as relative. See also Hatch, Journal of Bibl. Lit., Part II, 1908, p. 141 f. In Luke's list (Lu. 3: 23-38) 'Iwono has no article, while all the long line of genitives have roû including roû eoû. Among the ancient writers ò feós was used of the god of absolute religion in distinction from the mythological gods. Gildersleeve (Syntax, pp. 232-236) gives a full discussion of the subject. In the N. T., however, while we have pòs Tov Oeóv (Jo. 1: 1, 2), it is far more common to find simply eós, especially in the Epistles. But the word is treated like a proper name and may have it (Ro. 3:5) or not have it (8:9). The same thing holds true about πveûμɑ and πνεῦμα ἅγιον, κύριος, Χριστός. These words will come up for further discussion later.

1 Zucker, Beobachtungen über den Gebr. des Artik. bei Personenn. in Xen. Anabasis, p. 6. 2 Monro, Hom. Gr., p. 179.

Cf. Schmidt, De Articulo in nominibus propriis apud Att. scriptores (1890); K.-G., I, pp. 602 ff.; Kallenberg, Stu. über den griech. Artikel (1891).

4 Simcox, Lang. of the N. T., p. 48. Cf. also B. Weiss, Der Gebr. des Artikels bei den Gottesnamen, Th. Stu. Krit., 1911, pp. 319–392.

·

4. Second Mention (Anaphoric). The use of the article with the second mention of a word is very frequent. Thus in Jo. 6:9, ἄρτους· καὶ ὀψάρια, but in verse 11 τοὺς ἄρτους — καὶ ἐκ τῶν ὀψαρίων. See Lu. 9:13. Cf. also dwp in 4: 10 and rò dwp in verse 11. So μáyou in Mt. 2:1, but roùs μáyous in verse 7; Šíšávia in 13 : 25, but τà šišávia in verse 26. Cf. Ac. 9:4, 7; 9:11, 17; Jas. 2:2, 3; Rev. 15:1, 6. In Jo. 4: 43, тàs dúo ǹμépas, the article refers to verse 40. Cf. Jo. 20:1 with 19:41; 12: 12 with 12:1; Heb. 5:4 with 51; 2 Cor. 5:4 with 5:1. In Ac. 19: 13 we have Havλos, but Пaûλos in 1915. Völker (Syntax, p. 21 f.) finds the anaphoric use of the article common enough in the papyri.

(b) WITH ADJECTIVES. The discussion of the adjective as attributive or predicate comes up later. Thus kaλòs ò vóμos (1 Tim. 18) is a different construction from à Touǹv ò kaλós (Jo. 10: 11). 1. The Resumptive Article. The use of the article and the adjective is perfectly normal in τῶν ἁγίων προφητών (2 Pet. 3 : 2). Cf. Tŷ éσxáτη nμépa (Jo. 6:40). See also Lu. 1:70; Jas. 2:7. This repetition of the article with the adjective as in ò Toμй Kaλós above is quite common also. Abbott' thinks that this reduplication of the article "adds weight and emphasis to the article." Cf. Tтрiтη ημéρа (Lu. 9: 22) with r ǹμéρα tô tρitη (18:33). Abbott2 considers that as a rule John reduplicates the article with the adjective only in utterances of the Lord or in weighty sayings about him. Cf. Jo. 1:9, 41; 2:1; 3:16; 5:43; 7: 18; 10: 11, 14. But this is hardly true of Jo. 6:13; 18: 10. He notes also that in John the possessive adjective, when articular, nearly always has the reduplicated article. Cf. тà Tрóẞата тà éμá (10:27). So Tòv ådeλþòv tòv idtov in Jo. 1:41. In Homer the substantive usually comes before the article and the adjective. The resumptive article "repeats the noun in order to add the qualifying word."3 Cf. Rev. 1:17; 3: 7; 22: 16, where the article is repeated, twice. Cf. also Ac. 12:10. So Twv dúo tŵv åкovσávtwv (Jo. 1:40). In Lu. 6:45 both the article and adjective are repeated after the form of the first part of the sentence, ὁ πονηρὸς ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ προφέρει τὸ πονηρόν. See in the papyri τὸ κιτώνιον αὐτῆς τὸ λευκὸν τὸ παρὰ σοί, P.Tb. 421 (iii/A.D.).

2. With the Adjective Alone. It appears so with all genders and both numbers. Cf. ò ayos (Mk. 1:24), Tĥ éphμw (Mt. 3:2), Tò ἀγαθόν (Gal. 6:10), οἱ πτωχοί (Mt. 5 : 3), τὰς νέας (Tit. 2 : 4), τὰ ópará (Col. 1:16), тà πoλλά in Ro. 15:22, oi σopoí in 1 Cor. 1:

1 Joh. Gr., p. 63.

? Ib., p. 64.

3 Monro, Hom. Gr., p. 181.

σπορίμων

27, ai ëтoμo in Mt. 25: 10, etc. All these examples are obvious enough. The ellipsis is simple and usually supplied from the context. The three uses of the article occur with the adjective alone. The individual use appears in such examples as ὁ ἅγιος τοῦ θεοῦ (Jo. 6 : 69), ὁ δίκαιος (Ac. 22 : 14), ὁ ἀληθινός (1 Jo. 5 : 20), ὁ πονηρός (1 Jo. 5 : 18), τό πολύ and τὸ ὀλίγον (2 Cor. 8 : 15), τὸ ἀγαθόν σου (Phil. 14), τὸ ἀδύνατον τοῦ νόμου (Ro. 8: 3), τὴν ξηράν (Mt. 23 : 15), τοῖς ἁγίοις (Ph. 1: 1), ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις (Eph. 1:3). The generic or representative (class from class) is very common also, more frequent indeed. So ò dixalos (1 Pet. 4:18), тoû ȧyaloû (Ro. δίκαιος 5 : 7), τὸν πτωχόν (Jas. 2 : 6), τοὺς πτωχούς (2 : 5), οἱ πλούσιοι (5 : 1). So τὰ κακά and τὰ ἀγαθά (Ro. 3 : 8), τὸ ἀγαθόν (Lu. 6:45). Cf. in particular Ro. 12 : 21 ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ, ἐν τῷ ἀγαθῷ τὸ κακόν. Cf. also Ro. 13 : 3 f., τὸ ἀγαθόν (Gal. 6 : 10), τὸ ἱκανόν (Ac. 17:9), τὸ καλόν (2 Cor. 13 : 7), τὸ ἅγιον (Mt. 7:6), τὰ ὅρια (Mt. 19:1), τῶν σторíμшν (Mk. 2:23). The use of the neuter singular with the article as the equivalent of an abstract substantive Blass1 notes as "a peculiar usage of Paul (and Hebrews)" and considers that "this is the most classical idiom in the language of the N. T., and may be paralleled from the old heathen literature, from Thucydides in particular." But he cautions us against thinking that Paul imitated Thucydides, since Strabo and all other writers of the κown, not to mention the papyri,3 show the same construction. Deissmann has made it plain from the papyri that rò dоKiμLov Vμav TIS TίOTEws in Jas. 1:3 (cf. 1 Pet. 1:7) belongs here. See also τὸ μωρὸν τοῦ θεοῦ (1 Cor. 1: 25), τὸ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν σύμφορον (7:35), τὸ ἐλαφρὸν τῆς θλίψεως (2 Cor. 4 : 17), τὸ τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀγάπης γνήσιον (8 : 8), τὸ γνωστὸν τοῦ θεοῦ (Ro. 1 : 19), τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ θεοῦ (2 : 4), τὸ περισσόν (3 : 1), τὸ δυνατὸν αὐτοῦ (9 : 22), τὸ ἐπιεικὲς ὑμῶν (Ph. 4 : 5), τὸ ἀμετάθετον τῆς βουλῆς (Heb. 6 : 17), τὸ αὐτῆς ἀσθενές (7:18). Examples of the plural in this abstract sense occur in τὰ καλά - τὰ σαπρά (Mt. 13 : 48), τὰ ἀόρατα (Ro. 1 : 20), τὰ κρυπτὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (2 : 16), τὰ κρυπτὰ τοῦ σκότους (1 Cor. 4 : 5), τὰ πάντα (Col. 1 : 16), Tà оρатà κai тà ȧóратa (ib.). The neuter adjective with the article sometimes appears in the collective sense for persons. So τὸ ἔλαττον (Heb. 7:7), τὸ δωδεκάφυλον ἡμῶν (Ac. 26 : 7), τὰ μωρὰ τοῦ κόσμου — τὰ ἀσθενῆ τοῦ κόσμου (1 Cor. 1 : 27 f.). See further Gildersleeve, Syntax, p. 262.

3. The Article not Necessary with the Adjective. Blass, who 1 Gr. of N. T. Gk., p. 155.

2 Cf. Schmid, Atticismus, IV, p. 608.

Deiss., B. S., p. 259.

4 Cf. Blass, Gr. of N. T. Gk., p. 156.

has the best discussion of the use of the article with adjectives, notes that it is not accidental that, while we have v Tŷ paveρậ (Text. Rec., Mt. 6:4), yet els pavepòv ¿λleîv prevails (Mk. 4:22; Lu. 8: 17), since the thing is not yet in existence. But it is a rather fine point, since both ev крuñтậ (Jo. 7:4, 10) and eis кPÚπTηV (a subst. Lu. 11: 33) occur as well as év To paveр@ (Mt. 6:4, Text. Rec.). In Ro. 2: 28 év T pavep@ is genuine. In Jas. 4: 17 note κaλÒ TOLEV. The adjective alone may express class as in καλὸν ποιεῖν. Mt. 5:45; Lu. 10:21; Ro. 1; 14; 1 Cor. 1:20.

4. With Numerals. The article with numbers is more common in Greek than in English and is a classic idiom (Gildersleeve, Syntax, p. 228). Blass (Gr. of N. T. Gk., p. 315) notes that with numerals the article points out a certain number now brought forward. SO Èπτà· οἱ πέντε ὁ εἷς - ὁ ἄλλος (Rev. 17 : 10).

(c) WITH PARTICIPLES. In all essential respects the article is used with the participle exactly as with the adjective. The article is not necessary to the participle when used as an attribute (Jas. 4:17), though it is most commonly found (Heb. 12: 1, 2). For the predicate use see Jo. 10:12. The participle with the article is common without the substantive, as oi Tevooûvres (Mt. 5:4). The neuter for a person appears in Tò yevvwμevov (Lu. 1:35). In Tò ȧñoλwλós (Lu. 19:10) we have the collective neuter singular. The abstract singular is seen in τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως (Ph. 3 : 8) and the abstract plural in τὰ διαφέροντα (Ro. 2:18). Cf. τὰ лáρжоνтá μоν ('my belongings') in 1 Cor. 13:3, for the more individual use. The representative or generic sense is found in σTeiρwv (Mt. 13:3). The article with the participle is very common as the equivalent of a relative clause.1 In Mt. 5:32 πâs ò ἀπολύων and ὃς ἐάν — γαμήσῃ are parallel. yaunon are parallel. See also Col. 1:8. So

οἱ πεπιστευκότες (Tit. 3 : 8), ὁ εἰπών (2 Cor. 4:6). Cf. Mt. 5 : 32. The article is repeated with participles if they refer to different persons (Rev. 1:3) or even if the same person is meant where different aspects are presented (Rev. 1:4, where ò comes in between). But note τῷ ἀγαπῶντι ἡμᾶς καὶ λύσαντι ἡμᾶς (1:5).

Winer2 makes a special point of the use of a definite participle with an indefinite pronoun like τινές εἰσιν οἱ ταράσσοντες ὑμᾶς (Gal. 1 : 7), μή τις ὑμᾶς ἔσται ὁ συλαγωγών (Col. 2 : 8), ἄλλος ἐστὶν ὁ μαρτυρῶν (Jo. 5:32). He also notes the definite subject where the German would have an indefinite one as in οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ συνίων (Ro. 3 : 11). Cf. also the article and the future participle in ỏ катaкρivŵv (Ro. 1 Cf. K.-G., I, p. 594. 2 W.-M., p. 136. 3 More frequent in John than in the Synoptists. Abbott, Joh. Gr., p. 59 f.

8 : 33), Ac. 20 : 22 τὰ συναντήσοντα. Cf. Is. 1:31, οὐκ ἔσται ὁ σβέσων. More of this when the Participle is reached (ch. XX). For the repeated article see T xápiri T dobeion (1 Cor. 1:4). See further VI, Position with Attributives.

(d) WITH THE INFINITIVE. This idiom is so common that it must be merely touched upon here and the discussion of it reserved for the Articular Infinitive. In general it may be said that in the Attic and the Kown the article is used with the infinitive. in any case (save vocative) and very much as with any abstract substantive. The Iliad does not have the article and the infinitive, but it occurs once in the Odyssey and is in Pindar. Examples of the articular infinitive may be seen in the nominative rò Kaliσaι (Mt. 20:23), the accusative rò λaλeîv (1 Cor. 14:39; cf. Ac. 25: 11), the genitive ñis ñâσα тoû σwřeołaι (Ac. 27: 20; cf. Lu. 24 : 29), the ablative paтoûνто тоû μǹ Émiyvŵvai (Lu. 24: 16; cf. 2 Cor. 1: 8), the locative Ev T σTEiрEL (Mt. 13: 4), the instrumental Tμn εὑρεῖν (2 Cor. 2 : 13). The dative does not occur in the N. T. with the article, but see beáσaobai (Mt. 11:7). For the articular infinitive with prepositions see Mk. 5:4; 14: 28, etc. The article is 14:28, frequently missing with eis Tev in the vernacular κown (papyri), as Herodotus three times has ȧvri eivai. Cf. Clyde, Greek Syntax, p. 13 f. But enough for the present. The articular infinitive is curiously rare in the Gospel of John, "almost non-existent." It occurs only four times and only with prepositions (Jo. 1:48; 2: 24; 13: 19; 17: 5).

(e) WITH ADVERBS. This is no peculiarity of the Kown, not to say of the N. T. It is common in the older Greek with adverbs of place, time, quality, rank, manner. It is not necessary to repeat what is said under Cases and Adverbs concerning the adverbial expressions (really adjectives), like Tò πрŵтоν (Jо. 12: 16), TO MOLTOV (Ph. 4:8), тà Tоλλá (Ro. 15:22). The point to note is that the article is used somewhat freely with adverbs as with substantives and adjectives. As examples observe rà av∞ and rà κάτω (Jo. 8 : 23), ἡ αὔριον (Mt. 6 : 34, ellipsis of ἡμέρα), ἡ ἐπαύριον (27: 62), ἡ σήμερον (Ac. 20 : 26), ὁ ἀμήν (Rev. 3 : 14), τὸ ἀμήν (1 Cor. 14 : 16), τὸ νῦν (Lu. 5 : 10), τὰ νῦν (Ac. 4 : 29), ὁ πλησίον (Lu. 10 : 27) and note noiov alone='neighbour' in Lu. 10:29 and 36, Tò vai and τὸ οὐ (2 Cor. 1:17), τὸ ἔξωθεν (Mt. 23 : 25), οἱ ἔξωθεν (1 Tim. 3 : 7), οἱ ἔξω (Μk. 4 : 11, W. H. text), τὸ ἐντός (Mt. 23 : 26), τὰ ἔμπρο olev and rà oriow (Ph. 3: 13 f.), etc. Note two adverbs in Heb.

1 Monro, Hom. Gr., p. 179.

2 Moulton, Prol., pp. 81, 216.

Abbott, Joh. Gr., p. 69.

4 K.-G., I, p. 594 f.