The Climate of Cities: A Survey of Recent Literature, Volume 59 |
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absolute humidity aerosol clouds air pollution Amer average Behavior of aerosol Chandler Changnon Chicago Cincinnati city center city's climate of cities climate of London clouds within cities daytime decrease density depend detected downtown downwind dust particles effect of cities example frequency heat island formation heat island magnitude ice nuclei increased inversions investigations Kumagaya La Porte Landsberg 1956 lapse rate low-level Ludwig and Kealoha maxima and minima measured Meteor metropolitan areas minimum temperatures Montreal Munn National Air Pollution nearby rural areas night nocturnal observed occur particulate percent lower Porte rainfall Recent studies regional wind speed relative humidity reported Rept season showed smoke solar energy solar radiation Stanford University Aerosol stations suburban suburbs summer surveys thunderstorms tion ultraviolet radiation University Aerosol Laboratory urban area urban atmosphere urban climate urban climatology urban heat island urban wind urban-rural temperature differences vapor variation warm warmer winter Woollum and Canfield
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Page iii - The climate of a city differs from that of the rural areas surrounding it, and an increasing amount of scientific research is devoted to comparative studies of urban and rural climates.
Page 31 - ... trend was not substantiated by data from other nearby sites; at Battery Place, the nearest station, a small rainfall increase was observed during the period. A very striking example of the effect of the Chicago urban region on local precipitation has been documented by Changnon ( l968a [Selection l2]).
Page 31 - Landsberg (1956, 1958) gave several European examples of urban-rural comparisons and concluded that the amount of precipitation over a city is about 10 percent greater than that over nearby country areas. More recent studies have shown that his conclusion may be an oversimplification and that the greatest positive anomalies occur downwind of the city center. THE EFFECTS OF CITIES The effects of cities on precipitation are difficult to determine for several reasons. First, very few rural areas remain...
Page 25 - Arizona, definitely increased and was significantly correlated with that city's population. Radiation The blanket of particulates over most large cities causes the solar energy that reaches an urban complex to be significantly less than that observed in rural areas. The particles are most effective as attenuators of radiation when the sun angle is low, since the path length of the radiation passing through the particulate material is dependent on sun elevation. Thus, for a given amount of particulates,...
Page 22 - ... concentrations of condensation nuclei) than when the wind was from the sea (with low concentrations of nuclei). An example of the relationship between air pollution and visibility has been given by Georgii and Hoffman (1966), who showed that for two German cities low visibilities and high concentrations of SO2 were highly correlated when low wind speeds and low-level inversions prevailed. McNulty (1968) pointed out that between 1949 and 1960 the occurrence of haze as an obstruction FIGURE 11.4...
Page ii - Environmental Protection Agency, to report the results of scientific and engineering studies , and information of general interest in the field of air pollution. Information reported in this series includes coverage of intramural activities and of cooperative studies conducted in conjunction with state and local agencies, research institutes, and industrial organizations. Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to...
Page 43 - Jenkins, I., 1969: Increase in averages of sunshine in central London. Weather 24, 52. Kawamura, T., 1964: Analysis of the temperature distribution in Kumagaya city — a typical example of the urban climate of a small city. Geog. Rev. Japan 27. 243. Kratzer, P., 1956: uas Stadlklima.
Page 45 - Findlay, 1969: A climatological study of the urban temperature anomaly in the lakeshore environment at Toronto.
Page 1 - ELEMENT COMPARISON WITH RURAL ENVIRONS Temperature Annual mean Winter minima Relative humidity Annual mean Winter Summer Dust particles Cloudiness Clouds Fog. winter Fog, summer Radiation Total on horizontal surface Ultraviolet, winter Ultraviolet, summer Wind speed Annual mean Extreme gusts Calms Precipitation...
Page 25 - Landsberg (1960) summarized the average annual effect of cities on the solar radiation they received as follows: the average annual total (direct plus diffuse) solar radiation received on a horizontal surface is decreased by 15 to 20 percent, and the ultraviolet (short wavelength) radiation is decreased by 30 percent in winter and by 5 percent in summer. De Boer (1966) based a recent study on this topic on 2 years of global solar radiation measurements at six stations in and around Rotterdam, Netherlands....