ManlinessIn the wake of the monstrous projects of Hitler, Stalin, Mao, and others in the twentieth century, the idea of utopia has been discredited. Yet, historian Jay Winter suggests, alongside the 'major utopians' who murdered millions in their attempts to transform the world were disparate groups of people trying in their own separate ways to imagine a radically better world. This original book focuses on some of the twentieth-century's 'minor utopias' whose stories, overshadowed by the horrors of the Holocaust and the Gulag, suggest that the future need not be as catastrophic as the past. The book is organized around six key moments when utopian ideas and projects flourished in Europe: 1900 (the Paris World's Fair), 1919 (the Paris Peace Conference), 1937 (the Paris exhibition celebrating science and light), 1948 (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), 1968 (moral indictments and student revolt), and 1992 (the emergence of visions of global citizenship). Winter considers the dreamers and the nature of their dreams as well as their connections to one another and to the history of utopian thought. By restoring minor utopias to their rightful place in the recent past, Winter fills an important gap in the history of social thought and action in the twentieth century. |
Contents
| 1 | |
| 22 | |
Chapter Three Manly Assertion | 50 |
Chapter Four Manly Nihilism | 82 |
Chapter Five Womanly Nihilism | 122 |
Chapter Six The Manly Liberal | 163 |
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abstract Achilles aggression ambition American animal Aristotle Beauvoir become better Betty Friedan chapter civilization claim consider courage Darwin democracy democratic depend desire domination equal evolution fact fear female Female Eunuch femi Feminine Mystique feminism feminists Firestone Friedan gender neutrality gender-neutral society give Hegel heroes Hobbes Hobbes’s honor Ibid idea independence individual John Wayne justice Laches less liberal liberty liness live look Maccoby Machiavelli male manly assertiveness means modern moral ness Nietzsche nihilism nurture one’s opposed patriarchy perhaps philosophers Plato political polymorphous perversity psychology rational control reason regime risk roles Roosevelt Rousseau rule scientific scientists Second Sex seems sense sex differences sexual Simone de Beauvoir Socrates speak species speech stereotypes superior Tannen Tarzan Theodore Roosevelt theory things thought thumos tion Tocqueville transcendence truth ture unmanly Verena virtue warriors woman womanly women women’s movement