India: Economic Development and Social OpportunityAn analysis of endemic deprivation in India and of the role of public action in addressing that problem. The analysis is based on a broad view of economic development, focusing on human well-being and `social opportunity' rather than on the standard indicators of economic growth. India's success in reducing endemic deprivation since Independence has been quite limited. Recent diagnoses of this failure of policy have concentrated on the counterproductive role of government regulation, and on the need for economic incentives to accelerate the growth of the economy. This book argues that an assessment of India's failure to eliminate basic deprivations has to go beyond this limited focus, and to take note of the role played in that failure by inadequate public involvement in the provision of basic education, health care, social security, and related fields, Even the fostering of fast and participatory economic growth requires some basic social change, which is not addressed by liberalization and economic incentives. The authors also discuss the historical antecedents of these political and social neglects, including the distortion of policy priorities arising from inequalities of political power. Following on from this, the book considers the scope for public action to address these earlier biases and achieve a transformation of policy priorities. The introductory chapter presents the motivation, focus, and approach of the book. Chapter 2 discusses the respective roles of the market mechanism and government action in economic development and discusses the particular role of public involvement in the fields of health and education. In chapters 3 and 4, international comparisons of development experiences are brought to bear on the diagnosis of India's successes and failures. These two chapters also discuss the lessons to be learnt from the contrasting development experiences of different states within India, with particular attention to Kerala's outstanding success in social fields. Chapter 5 considers the role of public action and political organization in promoting social opportunities. Attention is drawn, in particular, to the part played by widespread illiteracy in suppressing that process and perpetuating social inequalities. The issue of basic education is further examined in chapter 6, which includes a critical assessment of public policy in this field. Chapter 7 discusses the specific problem on gender inequality, and the role of women's agency in the expansion of social opportunities for both women and men. The concluding chapter consolidates the argument and discusses the policy implication of the analyses presented. A statistical appendix presents a comparative picture of India and other developing countries, and also the comparative performance of different states within India. |
Contents
Introduction | 1 |
Economic Development and Social Opportunity | 9 |
India in Comparative Perspective | 27 |
Copyright | |
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achievements age group agricultural Andhra Pradesh average basic education Bihar census cent chapter China Chinese contrast countries decline Delhi Development Report 1994 disadvantaged discussed Drèze and Gazdar economic adjustment Economic and Political economic development economic growth expansion expenditure family planning famine female education female-male ratio fertility rate figures Ghagga Ghagga and Ghudani Ghudani Kalan Government of India growth rate Haryana Heads of Households higher Himachal Pradesh important income indicators infant mortality Kerala Khatri labour levels Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra mimeo mobility mortality rate occupational prestige particularly per-capita percentage Political Weekly population growth poverty programmes proportion public action Punjab Rajasthan Ramdasia region relevant role rural Sample Registration System scheduled castes sector social opportunities social security South Korea Statistical Appendix sub-Saharan Africa Table Tamil Nadu three villages Total trade Uttar Pradesh variables Visaria West Bengal women World Bank World Development Report