Cements, Limes, and Plasters: Their Materials, Manufacture, and Properties

Edwin Clarence Eckel

J. Wiley & sons, Incorporated, 1922 - Cement - 655 pages

Contents

• INTRODUCTION: 1
• NO PAGE 1 Tonnage of Cementing Materials Produced in United States: 4
• Average Wholesale Commodity Prices 18901920: 7
• Atomic Weights of Elements: 13
• PLASTERS: 17
• Geologic distribution of gypsum deposits: 20
• Examination of gypsum deposits: 33
• Manufacture of plaster of Paris cement plaster and wall plaster: 38
• Effect of Temperature and Time on Plasterburning: 39
• Fuels Used at American Plaster Mills: 40
• Sizes Capacity etc of Stedman Disintegrators: 43
• Temperatures in Cementplaster Manufacture: 50
• Wall plaster: 57
• Sizes Capacity etc of Broughton Mixers: 58
• Analyses of Rock Gypsum Used for Plaster: 60
• Analyses of Gypsite Gypsum Earth Used for Plaster: 61
• CHAPTER III: 63
• Analyses of Cement Plasters: 64
• Fineness of Calcined Plasters: 65
• Fineness of Plasters Tested: 66
• Results of Tensile Tests of Plasters: 68
• Adhesive tests: 69
• Effect of Sand on Compressive Strength of Plasters: 70
• Effect of Retarders on Strength of Plasters: 72
• Effect of Various Retarders on Rate of Set: 73
• Effect of Accelerators on Rate of Set: 74
• Characters of the two groups: 75
• Tensile Strength of Keenes Cement: 79
• Tensile Strength of Keenes Cement: 80
• Worlds Output of Gypsum: 81
• Gypsum Output by States 19181919 Short Tons: 83
• Analyses of French Gypsums: 85
• Production of Gypsum and Gypsum Products by Provinces 18871913: 86
• Analyses of Canadian Gypsums: 87
• Consumption of Gypsum in the United States: 90
• LIMES: 91
• Analyses of Various Molluscan Shells: 95
• Analyses of Oystershells and Oystershell Lime: 96
• Theoretical considerations: 97
• Heat and Fuel Theoretically Required in Burning One Ton of Limestone: 100
• Dimensions of Keystone Limekilns: 107
• Tests of Limekiln Efficiency Emley: 110
• Type of Fuel Used at American Plants: 111
• Cost of Lime Manufacture: 114
• NO PAGE 38 Elements of Cost of Lime Manufacture Expressed in Percentages of Total Cost: 115
• CHAPTER VIII: 117
• Analyses of Highcalcium Limes U S: 118
• Analyses of Lean Limes: 120
• Analyses of Magnesian Limes U S: 121
• Strength of lime mortars: 124
• Tensile Strength of Magnesian and Highcalcium Limes Mills: 125
• Sizes Capacity etc of Sturtevant Crusher: 127
• Capacity Power etc of Campbell Limehydrater: 128
• Tensile Strength of Magnesian and Nonmagnesian Hydrated Lime: 130
• Hydrated Lime Manufactured and Sold in the United States 19061920: 131
• Percentage Composition of Various Lime Silicates: 135
• General processes of limesand brick manufacture: 136
• Effect of Fineness of Sand Peppel: 137
• Comparative Tests of Highcalcium and Magnesian Lime Bricks Peppel: 138
• Effect of Percentage of Lime Peppel: 140
• Effects of Steam Pressure and Time of Hardening Peppel: 141
• Limesand Bricks vs Natural Sandstone Peppel: 144
• Physical Tests of Limes and Brick Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory: 145
• Compression Tests Limesand Brick Woolson: 146
• Summary of Limesand Brick Tests: 147
• Summary of Tests of Natural Sandstone: 148
• MAGNESIA AND OXYCHLORIDE CEMENTS: 149
• Magnesite Production of World 19131920: 151
• Analyses of Magnesite California Washington and Nevada: 153
• Analyses of Magnesite Quebec Canada: 154
• Analyses of Calcined Magnesite Magnesia: 156
• Magnesian limestones as sources of magnesia: 157
• Analyses of Highly Magnesian Limestones U S: 158
• Analyses of Magnesia Bricks: 162
• Compressive Strength of Sorel Stone: 166
• Magnesite Flooring Composition: 169
• Magnesite Stucco Composition: 171
• HYDRAULIC LIMES SELENITIC LIMES: 172
• Eminently hydraulic limes: 178
• Composition of Ideal Hydraulic Limestone and Hydraulic Lime: 179
• Analyses of Hydraulic Limestones Le Teil France: 180
• Analyses of the Various Beds in the Hydraulic Limestone Quarries at Malain France: 181
• Heat Used in Evaporation of Water: 182
• Analyses of Hydraulic Lime Before Slaking Le Teil France: 183
• Analyses of Kiln Products Le Teil France: 186
• Average Strength of Hydraulic Limes Schoch: 187
• Tests and Estimates of Heat Distribution B T U per Barrel: 188
• Grappier cements: 189
• Compressive Strength of Hydrauliclime Mortars Grant: 196
• NATURAL CEMENTS: 200
• Cementation Index of natural cements: 202
• Analyses of Naturalcement Rock Utica Illinois: 208
• European naturalcement rocks: 214
• Analyses of Naturalcement Rocks England: 216
• CHAPTER XVIII: 221
• Fuel Consumption in American Naturalcement Plants: 232
• Grinding the clinker: 234
• Power Required in Grinding Natural Cement: 238
• Production of natural cement United States: 242
• Analyses of Natural Cements Georgia: 244
• Analyses of Natural Cement North Dakota: 250
• NO PAGE 129 Analyses of Natural Cements England: 252
• Analyses of Natural Cements Germany and Austria: 253
• Specific Gravity of American Natural Cements: 254
• Effect of Plaster on Setting Time of Natural Cement Sabin: 255
• Effect of Plaster on Tensile Strength of Natural Cement Sabin: 256
• Effect of Sand on Tensile Strength of Natural Cement Sabin: 264
• Compressive Strength of 4inch Naturalcement Cubes Watertown Arsenal: 265
• Relation of Tensile to Compressive Strength of Natural Cement Sabin: 266
• Modulus of Elasticity: 267
• Composition and constitution: 269
• Character of Portlandcement Materials: 273
• CHAPTER XXI: 276
• Analyses of Hard Limestones Used at American Cementplants: 282
• Chalk and other soft limestones: 287
• Analyses of Pure Chalks Used in American Cementplants: 290
• Cement rock of the Lehigh district: 293
• Analyses of Hudson Shale and Slate in Pennsylvania and New Jersey: 294
• Analyses of Trenton Limestone Lehigh Cement Rock: 295
• Analyses of Kittatinny Magnesian Limestone: 296
• Analyses of Highly Clayey Limestones Cement Rock: 298
• Portlandcement Production of the Lehigh District 18901920: 301
• Analyses of Cementrock Materials from the Western United States: 302
• Geographic distribution of marl deposits: 309
• Fineness of Crude Marl Davis: 310
• Analyses of Marls Used in American Cementplants: 312
• List of references on marls: 316
• Analyses of Alkali Waste Ammonia Process: 319
• Analyses of Ironfurnace Slags: 321
• CHAPTER XXV: 323
• Analyses of Normal Clays Used in American Cementplants: 326
• Analyses of Limey Clays Used in American Cementplants: 327
• Analyses of Normal Shales Used in American Cementplants: 328
• Analyses of Limey Shales Used in American Cementplants: 330
• Slates: 334
• Analyses of American Roofing Slates: 335
• Analyses of Slate Used for Portland Cement Rockmart Ga: 336
• Quarrying: 341
• Detailed Costs of Steamshovel Work Purington 1903: 346
• Costs of raw material excavation: 352
• Actual Costs of Raw Materials at Typical Mills: 355
• Influence of normal constituents on the cement: 358
• Effect of Alumina: 362
• Analyses of Raw Materials Containing Phosphoric Acid: 364
• Composition of Actual Mixes: 369
• Changes in composition during manufacture: 370
• Analyses of Fuel Ash: 371
• Cement Mixture and Cement Sandusky: 372
• Methods used with slag limestone mixtures: 385
• CHAPTER XXIX: 395
• Fineness of Raw Mix at Various Plants Bleininger: 398
• Classification of grinding machinery used: 399
• Analyses of Flint Pebbles: 408
• CHAPTER XXX: 409
• Reference list for fixed kilns: 418
• Kiln size and output: 426
• Actual fuel consumption and output short kilns: 432
• Heat utilization and economics: 450
• Analyses of Ash of Various American Coals: 455
• Analyses of Natural Gas Kansas: 464
• Economic factors in clinker treatment: 467
• Use and effects of gypsum or plaster: 474
• Effect of Adding Various Percentages of Calcined Plaster Nihoul: 478
• Analyses of Gypsum Used in Cement Plants: 484
• Storage and packing: 487
• Capacity of Portland Cement Barrels and Weight of Contents Howard: 491
• CHAPTER XXXV: 493
• Mill Costs: 497
• The course of cement prices 18801920: 501
• Prices Nominal and Real of Portland Cement 18901920: 503
• Limitations of chemical analyses: 507
• Compositions and Burning Temperatures of Portland Cements: 513
• Analyses of FerroPortland: 519
• Composition of Portland cement: 520
• CHAPTER XXXVII: 528
• NO PAGE 223 Fineness of Various American Portlands Bleininger: 530
• Compressive Strength of Portland Cement Cubes Watertown Arsenal: 534
• 251: 536
• Modulus of Elasticity: 537
• Comparative Tests of Portland Cement and Sand Cement: 539
• Compressive Strength of Silicacement Cubes Watertown Arsenal: 541
• Compressive Strength of Sandcement Mortars Watertown Arsenal: 542
• Effect of Heating on Compressive Strength Watertown Arsenal: 543
• Effect of Alumina on various Cements: 548
• CHAPTER XXXVIII: 554
• Department of Bridges N Y City 1901: 556
• Canadian Society of Civil Engineers: 562
• American Society for Testing Materials 1909: 569
• PUZZOLAN CEMENTS: 575
• Analyses of Pozzuolana from Italy: 576
• Analyses of Pozzuolana from France: 577
• Analyses of Pozzuolana from the Azores Islands: 578
• Analyses of Trass and Related Materials from Germany: 579
• Analyses of Arênes France: 580
• Average Analyses of Natural Puzzolanic Materials: 581
• Strength of LimeBurntclay Mortars: 582
• Analyses of Slags Used for Slag Cement: 586
• Strength of Granulated and Ungranulated Slag Prost: 591
• Drying the slag: 592
• Working Results of RugglesColes Drier: 594
• Character and treatment of the lime: 596
• Analyses of Limes Used in American Slagcement Plants: 597
• General practice at various plants: 602
• Costs of Slagcement Manufacture per Barrel: 607
• CHAPTER XLII: 609
• Analyses of American Slag Cements: 610
• Analyses of European Slag Cements: 611
• Tensile vs Compressive Strength of Slag Cements: 614
• Specifications for slag puzzolan cements: 615
• Crushing Strength of Indurated Slag Bricks: 626
• Slag blocks: 628
• Analyses of Slag Mansfeldt: 632

Popular passages

Page 13 - Al . . . .Sb ....A ....As ....Ba . ...Bi . ...B . ...Br . . . .Cd . . . .Cs . . . .Ca ....C . . . .Ce . . . .Cl . ...Cr ....Co . ...Cb . . . .Cu...‎

Page 524 - The precipitate shall be dissolved in a small quantity of hot hydrochloric acid, the solution diluted to about 100 cc, 1 cc of a saturated solution of sodium-ammonium-hydrogen phosphate added, and ammonia drop by drop, with constant stirring, until the precipitate is again formed as described and the ammonia is in moderate excess. The precipitate shall then be allowed to stand about two hours, filtered and washed as before.‎

Page 615 - A cement may be rejected in case it fails to meet any of the above requirements. An agent of the contractor may be present at the making of the tests, or, in case of the failure of any of them, they may be repeated in his presence.‎

Page 568 - The cement may, however, be held for twenty-eight days, and a retest made at the end of that period, using a new sample. Failure to meet the requirements at this time should be considered sufficient cause for rejection, although in the present state of our knowledge it cannot be said that such failure necessarily indicates...‎

Page 13 - Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Sm Sc Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr...‎

Page 522 - ... minutes, or longer if the blast is not powerful enough to effect complete conversion to a cement in this time. It is then transferred to an evaporating dish, preferably of platinum for the sake of celerity in evaporation...‎

Page 571 - ... and combined to form one test sample. If sampled in bins or warehouses one test sample shall represent not more than 200 bbl.‎

Page 569 - Pats of neat cement about three inches in diameter, one-half inch thick at the center, and tapering to a thin edge, shall be kept in moist air for a period of twenty-four hours. (a) A pat is then kept in air at normal temperature and observed at intervals for at least 28 days.‎

Page 549 - D, 1 mm. in diameter, 6 cm. long. The rod is reversible, and can be held in any desired position by a screw E, and has midway between the ends a mark F which moves under a scale (graduated to millimeters) attached to the frame A. The paste is held in a conical, hard-rubber ring G, 7 cm.‎

Page 568 - The cement shall be stored in such a manner as to permit easy access for proper inspection and identification of each shipment, and in a suitable weather-tight building which will protect the cement from dampness.‎

Bibliographic information

• Title: Cements, Limes, and Plasters: Their Materials, Manufacture, and Properties
• Author: Edwin Clarence Eckel
• Edition: 2
• Publisher: J. Wiley & sons, Incorporated, 1922
• Original from: the University of Wisconsin - Madison
• Digitized: Jul 12, 2007
• Length: 655 pages