Evolution Of Life Histories: Theory and AnalysisDerek Roff There are many different types of organisms in the world: they differ in size, physiology, appearance, and life history. The challenge for evolutionary biology is to explain how such diversity arises. The Evolution of Life Histories does this by showing that natural selection is the principal underlying force molding life history variation. The book describes in particular the ways in which variation can be analyzed and predicted. It covers both the genetic and optimization approaches to life history analysis and gives an overview of the general framework of life history theory and the mathematical tools by which predictions can be made and tested. Factors affecting the age schedule of birth and death and the costs of reproduction are discussed. The Evolution of Life Histories concentrates on those theoretical developments that have been tested experimentally. It will interest both students and professionals in evolution, evolutionary ecology, mathematical and theoretical biology, and zoology and entomology. |
Contents
Life History Variation A First Look | 1 |
11 Mathematical Analysis of Life History Variation | 3 |
12 Constraints | 9 |
13 Summary | 16 |
Quantitative Genetic Background | 18 |
22 Maintenance of Genetic Variation | 27 |
23 Summary | 34 |
Life History Theory A Framework | 35 |
72 Variable Environments | 212 |
73 Predicting Genotypic Versus Phenotypic Changes | 229 |
74 Summary | 240 |
Reproductive Effort | 242 |
81 Reproductive Investment and Breeding More Than Once | 243 |
82 Optimal Reproductive Effort and Growth | 251 |
83 Reproductive Effort and Age | 259 |
84 Reproductive Effort and Parental Care | 269 |
31 Measures of Fitness | 36 |
32 Relationship Between Phenotypic TradeOffs and Genetic Correlations | 49 |
33 Measurement of TradeOffs | 53 |
34 Summary | 59 |
Methods of Analysis | 62 |
42 Graphical Analysis | 71 |
43 Dynamic Programming | 80 |
44 Matrix Methods | 85 |
45 Model Testing | 88 |
46 Summary | 98 |
Age Schedules of Birth and Death | 99 |
51 Mortality | 100 |
52 Reproduction | 122 |
53 Summary | 142 |
Costs of Reproduction | 145 |
61 Reproductive Effort and Growth | 150 |
62 Reproductive Effort and Survival | 157 |
63 Reproductive Effort and Schedule of Reproduction | 172 |
64 Summary | 177 |
Age and Size at Maturity | 179 |
71 Deterministic Environment | 180 |
85 Reproductive Effort and Male Fitness | 273 |
86 Reproductive Effort in a Variable Environment | 282 |
87 Summary | 290 |
Clutch Size | 292 |
91 Mechanical Factors in Evolution of Clutch Size | 294 |
92 Hypotheses Generated by Considerations of Clutch Size in Endotherms | 302 |
93 Hypotheses Generated by Consideration of Clutch Size in Insects | 325 |
94 Summary | 343 |
Offspring Size | 347 |
101 Effect of Size on Fitness Components of the Young | 348 |
103 Optimal Propagule Size in a Constant Environment | 362 |
104 Optimal Propagule Size in a Variable Environment | 386 |
105 Summary | 390 |
Final Thoughts | 393 |
A Brief Review of Differentiation | 407 |
Glossary | 415 |
421 | |
Taxonomic Index | 511 |
521 | |
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Common terms and phrases
age at maturity age schedule allocation American Naturalist analysis assumed assumption behavior Biology birds body breeding brood chapter Charnov cleptoparasitic components constant constraints cost of reproduction curve Daphnia decreases density differential Drosophila melanogaster Ecology ectotherms effect environment environmental equation estimated evolution evolutionary experimental factors favor fecundity female fish foraging function genetic correlations genetic variation genotype growth and reproduction growth rate hence heritability history theory history traits hypothesis insects iteroparous K-selection larvae length life-span lizards males mammals mating maximized measure of fitness mortality rate natural selection norm of reaction number of eggs number of offspring observed Oecologia optimal age optimal clutch organism oviposition panel parameters parental patterns phenotypic correlations phenotypic plasticity population predation predicted production propagule quantitative genetic rate of increase relationship relative clutch mass reproductive effort result Roff satellite season seed semelparous significant species studies surplus energy survival rate Table Theoretical theory trade-off variable viviparity weight