Every Child a Lion: The Origins of Maternal and Infant Health Policy in the United States and France, 1890-1920One of Aesop's fables tells of the fox who taunted the lion about having so few children. "Yes," the lion replies, "but every child is a lion." This dispute is particularly appropriate to Alisa Klaus's comparative account of the early history of maternal and child welfare programs in the United States and France over a thirty-year period. Klaus focuses on the efforts of legislators, physicians, and women's organizations to reduce the infant mortality rate through such measures as maternal education, the distribution of clean milk, routine medical examinations of healthy children, and maternity leaves. Her central concerns include the ways in which pronatalism in France and fears of "race suicide" in the United States shaped public and professional intervention in reproduction, and the influence of women's organizations on social policy in two different institutional and political settings. The author argues that the French population crisis, resulting from a turn-of-the-century decline in the birth rate and a national preoccupation with German militarism and its threat to France, stimulated an intense interest in maternal and child welfare that was never duplicated in the United States. She shows that because infant mortality did not have the kind of national political implications in the United States that it had in France, it provoked far less interest among U.S. politicians and doctors (excepting a small group of public health activists, pediatricians, and obstetricians). She points out that female activists' efforts to place infant care on the national political agenda in the United States resulted in the identification of these matters as "women's issues" far more than in France, with profound implications for the evolution of the welfare state in each country. Every Child a Lion will find appreciative readers among women's historians, historians interested in public health and medicine, and social and political historians of France and the United States. |
Contents
Pronatalism Eugenics and Infant Mortality | 10 |
The Medical | 43 |
French and American Women and Infant Health | 90 |
Copyright | |
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Every Child a Lion: The Origins of Maternal and Infant Health Policy in the ... Alisa Klaus No preview available - 1993 |
Common terms and phrases
Académie de médecine American Association American Red Cross argued assistance baby health contest Baby Week Baker birth birthrate breast-feeding bureau staff campaign century charité maternelle charity child health Child Hygiene child welfare cities Commission committee Congress of Mothers crèches Département depopulation eugenics Federation female femmes France Grace Meigs hospitals ibid infant health movement infant mortality infant welfare institutions Jacques Léonard Josephine Baker Julia Lathrop l'enfance labor legislation maternal and child maternal and infant maternity leaves Max West médecine medical profession midwives milk stations motherhood mutualité maternelle National Congress nourrissons oeuvres Paris Paul Strauss Pediatrics physicians political population premier âge prenatal Prevention of Infant professional protection public health nurses puériculture Radical Republicans Rapport reformers Report Republican Roussel rural Sherbon social Société de charité society Study and Prevention supervision Transactions U.S. Children's Bureau United University Press visiting nurses Women's Clubs women's organizations workers working-class wrote York