Muhammad and the Conquests of IslamThe author attempts to explain the astonishing series of conquests which have marked the triumph of Muhammad and his successors, and which in less than a hundred years extended the frontiers of Islam from Samarkand to Toledo. |
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Abbasid Abu Bakr Abu Ubaida al-'Aqaba Allah Amr ibn al-'As ancient Arab conquests Arab empire Arab tradition Arabia army Asia attack battle became bedouin began Berber Byzantine Byzantium Caetani Caliph campaigns capital centre century Christian civilisation command conquered conquerors converts to Islam culture Damascus death decades defeated desert developed diaspora divine dynasty early east eastern economic Egypt enemy ethnic expansion faith force Ghassanids governor Greek Hajjaj Hijaz historians Ifriqiya inspiration invaders invasion Iranian Iraq Ka'ba Khalid ibn al-Walid Kharijite Khurasan Koran Kufa Lakhmids land later leader Maghrib Mecca Medina Medinese Mediterranean military modern Mosque Mu'awiya Muham Muhammad Musa Muslim native nomads North Africa organised Oxus pagan Peninsula period Persian political pre-Islamic Prophet province Qutaiba raids religion religious resistance rule Sasanid Sicily social Sogdiana Spain successor Sufyan Syria Tariq tion took Transoxiana tribal tribes Turkish Umar Umayyad Uqba victory Yarmuk Yazid