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absorption coefficient acceleration active prominences active regions Alfvén assumed atoms B₂ Balmer Balmer lines bremsstrahlung bursts chromosphere cm³ collisions component condensation consider constant convection corona corresponding diffusion disk effect electric field emission emitted Equation equilibrium ergs faculae field strength Figure filament flare flux tubes Fraunhofer lines frequency gauss given gradient granulation heat height helium hydrogen hydrostatic equilibrium intensity ionization ions Jefferies and Orrall Joule heating km/sec layers limb lines of force loop magnetic energy magnetic field mechanism motions neutral observed optical depth oscillations parameter particles penumbra phenomenon photosphere plages plasma plasma oscillations polar pressure propagation protons quiescent prominences radiation radiative radio ratio rotation scale height Section Severny shock solar atmosphere source function spectra spectrum spicules spot Stark effect sunspot surge temperature theory thermal turbulent umbra velocity vertical Waldmeier wavelengths X-ray