Ancient Invertebrates and Their Living RelativesThis overview and introduction to the study of fossil invertebrates emphasizes both soft and skeletal anatomy, as well as the relationship between those known only from fossils and animals living today. It lays the foundation for studentsÕ eventual abilities to (1) recognize many of the most abundant fossils, (2) appreciate their value in interpreting ancient environments of deposition, and (3) use them as tools for stratigraphic correlation. |
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THE VALUE AND MEANING OF FOSSILS | 28 |
EARLY LIFE | 61 |
PROTOCTISTA | 88 |
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abundant addition ammonoids animals aperture appear areas arms arthropods attached base bivalves body brachial brachiopods branches called Cambrian carbonate cells cephalopods chambers changes characteristics Class closely colony common composed conodont consists contains corals Cretaceous cuttlefish developed Devonian distinctive diversity Early elements environments evolution example extend extinct fauna Figure fossils function geologic gills graptolites growth Holocene important indicated invertebrates known lack Late lateral layer length living located major mantle marine Middle mouth muscles occur ocean opening Ordovician organisms original Orthida pairs Paleontology Paleozoic pattern pedicle Permian plates present Press produced range record reefs relatively remains representative result rocks secreted sediment seen segments septa shape shell side Silurian similar skeleton species spines sponges stage strata structure surface sutures termed theca trilobites tube usually valve ventral wall whereas