li, lhi. These were derived from Lat. illi, and it will be seen that the first syllable was not entirely dropped, but slurred over, the result being that a liquid intonation was given to the l, which is expressed in Prov. by lh, and which is seen in the modern Italian form gli. Los, las, are properly Accusatives, but are used as Nominatives before those Nouns which take the s of flexion in the Nominative plural. As this occurs in the case of all feminine words, there is naturally only one form for the fem. plural. This peculiar use of the Acc. was probably due to a false analogy, which led to an attempt to assimilate the endings at the expense of grammatical correctness. The form les comes directly from los by weakening of the Vowel. The appuyé forms of the Nom. plural show that it was sometimes the second syllable of il-li which was slurred. The remaining cases of the plural show in an interesting manner the change to softer forms: otherwise they do not call for special remark. The Nom. fem. sing. li is rare. The following instances of the article appuyé should be studied :: En aquel temps quel reis que lo reis, "At the time that the king," &c. El sciensa e la sciensa, "And the knowledge." Mandal filh e pregal paire=manda lo filh e prega lo paire, "Bid the son and pray the father." The cases, when the article is not used, are expressed by the following Prepositions: Gen. di (Lat. de), of. Dat. a (Lat. ad), to. Da sometimes takes the place of di, and appears with the article as dal, dals. THE PRONOUNS. In the case of a language and of compositions which were intended to be sung rather than read, it can occasion no surprise if questions of Orthography are among the most difficult of those which occupy the attention of the student. And in the case of Provençal Orthography every man is emphatically a law to himself. What is perhaps more trying to the grammarian, for the most part a creature of classification, is the fact that these variations by no means universally admit of lucid arrangement. Changes of spelling are peculiar to no age and no individual; in these matters the ear is the only judge. This is more especially the case in respect of the Pronouns and Verbs, and I have endeavoured to assist the student by giving only the more usual forms, leaving isolated irregularities to be dealt with as they appear in the notes on the selected songs. The appuyé forms should be carefully noted, as they sometimes occasion difficulty. The ordinary arrangement has been followed in dividing the Pronouns into I. Personal. II. Possessive (Adjectives). III. Demonstrative. IV. Relative. V. Interrogative. VI. Indefinite. 1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Before giving the declensions of the Pronouns, the following points should be noticed : 1. That in Provençal the Vowels e, i, y may almost be regarded as interchangeable, and that if a Pronoun is given under one form it may be assumed in the majority of cases that forms exist with the other Vowels. 2. That all words derived from Latin ille have other forms preserving the liquid sound: e.g. il, ill, ilh. 3. The Latin primitives are in general so very obvious that it is unnecessary to point them out. 4. That as in French the Personal Pronouns have usually distinct forms for (i) Accus. and Dative, i.e. Direct and Indirect Object, (ii) Absolute and Conjunctive Note.-(1) non nos en, von = vos en. (2) The appuyé forms never make a syllable by themselves. Hence in the second person plural vos is vocalized us; ius, sius were written later ieus, sieus. 1, el, lui, lu; ela, lei, leis, lieis; el, o, vo, v' Conjunctive Dat.: li, l'; appuyé, 1, lh, il; Accus.: lo, l'; ,, арриуé, 1, ц, Plural. Absolute. Nom.: li, l'; 1, il la, l'. lo 1 App.: ls, lz. Notes.-(1) To the above must be added: i, y (= = French and Old Italian y) Neuter Dative; and en, ne (= French en, Italian ne), Neuter Genitive. (2) lo li, la li= loi, lai. (3) Fem. leis and kindred forms are derived from a combination of ille and ipse. (4) Neuter is from Lat. hoc. II. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Of these Pronouns there are two forms, one resembling the Latin and Italian, the second modern French. The article is in general used for the Possessives. A.-LONG FORM. Note.-Each Pronoun may be spelt with an i as mieus. The second and third persons are not derived from Latin, but by a false analogy from the first, meus. Nostre, our, vostre, your, lor, lur, their. Sing. Masc.: nostre. -S. Obl. nostre. Fem. nostra Plur. Masc.: nostre. Obl. nostres. Fem. nostras (1) vostre is similarly declined. (2) lor, lur is invariable; later it received s before plural Nouns ending in s. I. Est (Lat. iste), cest (ecce-istum) and aquest (eccu-istum) are for the most part declined alike. Sing. Masc. Nom.: est Fem. Nom.: esta Plur. Masc. Nom.: est Fem. Nom.: estas The Pronouns. II. Cel, aicel, aquel are similarly declined. Sing. Masc. Nom.: cel, sel, celui; aicel, aissel; aquel, achel. aqueu, queu. Fem. Nom.: cela, sela, cil, cilh; aicela, aissella; aquela, achela. Obl.: cela, sela, celei, celeis, cil; aicela; aquela. Plur. Masc. Nom.: cil, celh, cels, sels; aicil, aicels; aquil, aquelh, aquellos. Obl.: cels, sels; aicels; aquels, aqueuz. : Neuter Forms (1) so, zo, ço; aisso, aizo. (2) quo; aquo, aco. Note.-Aicel ecce-illum, &c. = = aquel eccu-illum, &c. IV. AND V.-RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. The Relative and Interrogative Pronouns differ but slightly in form, and may conveniently be given together. I. Nom. qui, chi (Relative also: que) Obl.: cui; Accus. : que; Neuter : que II. Sing. Nom. Masc. and Fem.: quals, cals Obl.: Plur. Nom.: Obl.: qual, cal quals, qual, cals, cal When used as a Relative the Article is prefixed. The following are the commoner ones :— 1. altre (another, Lat. alter) -s, autre. autra. Obl. autre. Fem. 2. autrui (another's) later, autruis (plural). 3. chasques (each, Lat. quisque unus), chascun, cascun, cascus, &c. Fem. cascuna, chascuna. 4. cadaus (each to a man, Lat. quisque ad unum). Obl. cadaun. 5. alque, Neut. alques (something, Lat. aliquid). |