Chemical Pathways in the BrainLeslie Iversen The first six volumes of the Handbook reviewed basic neuropharmacology, drawing on expertise in biochemistry, pharmacology and electrophysiology. The next three volumes focus attention on the functional importance of these basic neuropharmacological mechanisms for normal behavior. In order to study this interface in the intact functioning organism, appropriate methods for describing and quantifying behavior must be developed. The past twenty years have witnessed a revolution in the study of behavior which has taken us away from the often fruitless theoretical arguments to descriptive behaviorism. Technical achievements in the design of apparatus and the recording of behavior played an important role in these developments, and the resultant behavioral methods have been accepted and found useful in studying the effects of drugs. The development of psycho pharmacology as a discipline owes as much to these behavioral methods as it does to the basic neuropharmacological techniques pioneered for in vitra studies. In the first section of Volume 7, an effort has been made to provide reviews both of theory and practice in behavioral science. Milner's chapter deals with the concept of motivation in a theoretical framework. By contrast, the chapters by Morse et at. and Dews and DeWeese provide a more descriptive view of the various ways in which aversive stimuli control behavior and the importance of schedules of reinforcement in determining the profile of responding in the animal. The equal importance of observational behav ioral methods is well illustrated by Mackintosh et at. |
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AChE activity afferents amino acid amygdala antibody ascending atlas autoradiographic axons biochemical Brain Res bundle catecholamine caudal cell bodies cell groups cerebellar cerebellum cholinergic cortical Cuello degeneration dendrites distribution dopamine dopaminergic dorsal raphe effects enzyme fasciculus fiber system fluorescence Fonnum forebrain tract function Fuxe GABA GABA-ergic ganglia glial cells globus pallidus hippocampus histochemical Hökfelt hormone hypothalamus immunohistochemical inhibition inhibitory injection innervation Iversen Jacobowitz Jones and Moore labeled lateral lesion Lindvall and Björklund localization locus coeruleus medial median eminence medullary mesencephalic mesencephalon method midbrain monoamine Nauta nerve terminals nervous system neurons noradrenaline noradrenergic nucleus olfactory bulb Palkovits pathways periventricular Physiol Pickel preoptic produced projection Purkinje raphe nuclei rat brain region reticular rostral Section septal septum serotonin spinal cord staining Stenevi stereotaxic stereotaxic technique stria terminalis structures studies substantia nigra Swanson and Hartman synaptic technique tegmental thalamic tissue transmitter Ungerstedt uptake ventral