Wind Energy: Proceedings of the Euromech Colloquium (Google eBook)

Joachim Peinke, Peter Schaumann, Stephan Barth

Springer, 2007 - 332 pages

This book comprises reports on basic research, as well as research related to the practical exploitation and application of wind energy. "Wind Energy" comprehensively describes the atmospheric turbulent wind condition on different time scales, and the interaction of wind turbines with both wind and water flows, which are significant factors to consider for the design, operation and maintenance of wind turbines in offshore conditions. Topics of particular interest include: wind climate and wind field, gusts, extreme events and turbulence, rotor aerodynamics and wake effects, power production and fluctuations, sea states and wave loads, materials (composites, steel, concrete) and fatigue, and structural health monitoring.

Contents

• Offshore Wind Power Meteorology: 1
• 12 Offshore Wind Measurements: 2
• 14 Application to Wind Power Utilization: 4
• 15 Conclusion: 5
• Wave Loads on WindPower Plants in Deep and Shallow Water: 7
• 22 DeepWater Wave Data: 8
• 24 Wave Kinematics: 10
• 26 Wave Transmission into a Shallow Area Using Boussinesq Models: 12
• References: 13
• Time Domain Comparison of Simulated and Measured Wind Turbine Loads Using Constrained Wind Fields: 15
• 33 Stochastic Wind Fields which Encompass Measured Wind Speed Series: 16
• 34 Load Calculations Based on Normal and Constrained Wind Field Simulations: 18
• and Calculated Ones Based on Constrained Wind Fields: 19
• 36 Conclusion: 20
• Mean Wind and Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Above the Surface Layer: 21
• 42 Data from Høvsøre Test Site: 22
• 43 Discussion: 24
• References: 25
• Wind Speed Profiles above the North Sea: 26
• 52 Comparison to Observations at Horns Rev and FINO1: 29
• References: 31
• Fundamental Aspects of Fluid Flow over Complex Terrain for Wind Energy Applications: 33
• 62 Experimental Setup: 34
• 63 Results: 35
• 64 Conclusions: 38
• Models for Computer Simulation of Wind Flow over Sparsely Forested Regions: 39
• 73 Results: 40
• 74 Conclusions: 42
• Power Performance via Nacelle Anemometry on Complex Terrain: 43
• 84 Numerical Analysis: 44
• 853 Influence of the Terrain: 45
• 86 Conclusion: 46
• References: 47
• Pollutant Dispersion in Flow Around BluffBodies Arrangement: 48
• 92 Results of Measurements: 50
• 93 Conclusions: 52
• On the Atmospheric Flow Modelling over Complex Relief: 55
• 1011 Turbulence Model: 56
• 102 Definition of the Computational Case: 57
• 1021 Some Numerical Results: 58
• 103 Conclusion: 59
• Comparison of Logarithmic Wind Profiles and Power Law Wind Profiles and their Applicability for Offshore Wind Profiles: 60
• 113 Application to Offshore Wind Profiles: 62
• 114 Conclusions: 64
• Turbulence Modelling and Numerical Flow Simulation of Turbulent Flows: 65
• 123 Governing Equations: 66
• 124 Direct Numerical Simulation: 67
• 126 Subgrid Scale Turbulence Modelling: 68
• 1262 Scale Similarity Modelling: 69
• 127 Conclusion: 70
• Gusts in Intermittent Wind Turbulence and the Dynamics of their Recurrent Times: 73
• 132 Scaling and Intermittency of Velocity Fluctuations: 74
• Times Needed for Fluctuations Larger than a Fixed Velocity Threshold: 78
• References: 79
• Report on the Research Project OWID Offshore Wind Design Parameter: 80
• 143 Normal Wind Profile: 82
• 145 Extreme Wind Conditions: 84
• 146 Outlook: 85
• Simulation of Turbulence Gusts and Wakes for Load Calculations: 87
• 153 Constrained Gaussian Simulation: 89
• 1542 Scanning Laser Doppler Wake Measurements: 90
• References: 92
• Short Time Prediction of Wind Speeds from Local Measurements: 93
• 162 Prediction of Wind Gusts: 95
• References: 98
• Wind Extremes and Scales Multifractal Insights and Empirical Evidence: 99
• 172 Extremes: 100
• 173 Discussion and Conclusion: 103
• BoundaryLayer Influence on Extreme Events in Stratified Flows over Orography: 105
• 182 Experimental Procedure: 106
• 184 Downstream Slip Condition: 107
• 185 Boundary Layer and Wave Field Interaction: 108
• 186 Concluding Remarks: 109
• The Statistical Distribution of Turbulence Driven Velocity Extremes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer CartwrightLonguetHiggins Revised: 110
• 192 Model: 112
• References: 114
• Superposition Model for Atmospheric Turbulence: 115
• 202 Superposition Model: 116
• 203 Conclusions and Outlook: 118
• Extreme Events Under LowFrequency Wind Speed Variability and Wind Energy Generation: 119
• 212 Mathematical Background: 120
• 213 Results and Conclusions: 121
• 214 Acknowledgments: 122
• Stochastic SmallScale Modelling of Turbulent Wind Time Series: 123
• Stationarity and Skewness: 124
• 224 Statistics of the Artificial Velocity Signal: 126
• Quantitative Estimation of Drift and Diffusion Functions from Time Series Data: 129
• 232 Direct Estimation of Drift and Diffusion: 130
• 233 Stability of the Limiting Procedure: 131
• 235 Conclusion: 132
• References: 133
• Scaling Turbulent Atmospheric Stratification A TurbulenceWave Wind Model: 134
• 242 An Extreme Unlocalized Wave Extension: 136
• References: 138
• Wind Farm Power Fluctuations: 139
• 252 Test Site: 140
• 253 PSDs: 141
• 254 Coherence: 142
• 255 Conclusion: 144
• References: 145
• Network Perspective of WindPower Production: 147
• 263 Two WindPower Related Model Extensions: 151
• 264 Outlook: 152
• Phenomenological Response Theory to Predict Power Output: 153
• 272 Power Curve from Measurement Data: 154
• 273 Relaxation Model: 156
• 274 Discussion and Conclusion: 157
• References: 158
• Turbulence Correction for Power Curves: 159
• 282 Turbulence and Its Impact on Power Curves: 160
• 283 Results: 161
• 284 Conclusion: 162
• Online Modeling of Wind Farm Power for Performance Surveillance and Optimization: 163
• 2912 Online Wind Farm Model: 164
• 293 Results: 165
• References: 166
• Uncertainty of Wind Energy Estimation: 167
• 303 The Uncertainty of the Power Law Wind Profile Estimation: 169
• 305 Conclusion: 170
• Characterisation of the Power Curve for Wind Turbines by Stochastic Modelling: 172
• 312 Simple Relaxation Model: 174
• 313 Langevin Method: 175
• 315 Conclusion and Outlook: 176
• References: 177
• Handling Systems Driven by Different Noise Sources Implications for Power Curve Estimations: 179
• 3211 Reconstruction of a Synthetic Power Curve: 180
• 3212 Additional Noise: 182
• Experimental Researches of Characteristics of Windrotor Models with Vertical Axis of Rotation: 183
• 332 Experimental Installation and Models: 184
• 334 Results: 186
• Methodical Failure Detection in Grid Connected Wind Parks: 187
• 343 Measurements: 188
• 344 Conclusions: 190
• Modelling of the Transition Locations on a 30 thick Airfoil with Surface Roughness: 191
• 352 Measurements: 192
• 354 Results and Discussion: 193
• 355 Conclusions: 195
• References: 196
• Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emphasis Placed on Dynamic Stall: 198
• 362 The Phenomenon Dynamic Stall: 200
• 363 Numerical and Experimental Results for the Typical Helicopter Airfoil OA209: 201
• 364 Conclusions: 203
• References: 204
• Determination of Angle of Attack AOA for Rotating Blades: 205
• 372 Determination of Angle of Attack: 206
• 373 Numerical Results and Comparisons: 207
• 374 Conclusion: 209
• Unsteady Characteristics of Flow Around an Airfoil at High Angles of Attack and Low Reynolds Numbers: 211
• 383 Experimental Results and Discussions: 212
• 384 Conclusions: 214
• Aerodynamic MultiCriteria Shape Optimization of VAWT Blade Profile by Viscous Approach: 215
• 393 Blade Profile Optimization: 216
• 3932 Reaching the Global Optimum: 217
• 395 Conclusion and Prospects: 218
• Rotation and Turbulence Effects on a HAWT Blade Airfoil Aerodynamics: 220
• 403 Results and Discussion: 222
• 4032 Instantaneous Pressure Distributions Analysis: 224
• 404 Conclusion: 225
• 3D Numerical Simulation and Evaluation of the Air Flow Through Wind Turbine Rotors with Focus on the Hub Area: 227
• 412 Method: 228
• 414 Perspective: 230
• Performance of the RisøB1 Airfoil Family for Wind Turbines: 231
• 423 Results: 232
• 424 Conclusions: 233
• 425 Acknowledgements: 234
• Aerodynamic Behaviour of a New Type of SlowRunning VAWT: 235
• 432 Description of the Savonius Rotors: 236
• 434 Results: 237
• 4342 The New Rotor: 238
• 435 Conclusion: 239
• Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Stall using Spectralhp Method: 241
• 442 The Spectralhp Method: 242
• 443 The NekTar Code: 243
• 444 First Results: 244
• Modeling of the Far Wake behind a Wind Turbine: 245
• 452 Unsteady Behavior: 247
• 453 Conclusions: 248
• Stability of the Tip Vortices in the Far Wake behind a Wind Turbine: 249
• 462 Application of the Analysis: 251
• References: 252
• Modelling Turbulence Intensities Inside Wind Farms: 253
• 4712 Superposition of the Wakes: 254
• 473 Conclusion: 255
• References: 256
• Numerical Computations of Wind Turbine Wakes: 259
• 482 Simulation: 260
• References: 263
• Modelling Wind Turbine Wakes with a Porosity Concept: 264
• 493 Results for Homogeneous Freestream Conditions: 266
• 494 Results for Shear Freestream Conditions: 267
• 495 Conclusion: 269
• Prediction of Wind Turbine Noise Generation and Propagation based on an Acoustic Analogy: 271
• 503 Results: 272
• 5032 Acoustic Computations: 273
• 5033 Conclusions: 274
• Comparing WAsP and Fluent for Highly Complex Terrain Wind Prediction: 275
• 513 Description of the Models: 276
• 5142 Turbulence Intensity: 279
• Fatigue Assessment of Truss Joints Based on Local Approaches: 280
• 5221 Fatigue Tests: 282
• 5223 Crack Growth with Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics: 283
• 5224 Fracture Criterion: 284
• 524 Conclusion: 285
• References: 286
• Advances in Offshore Wind Technology: 287
• 533 Substructure Technology: 289
• 5332 Substructure Concepts: 290
• References: 291
• Benefits of Fatigue Assessment with Local Concepts: 293
• 543 Comparison of Fatigue Design for a Tripod: 294
• 544 Conclusion: 296
• Extension of Life Time of Welded Fatigue Loaded Structures: 297
• 553 Experimental Studies: 298
• 5542 Results of the Fatigue Tests: 299
• 555 Conclusions: 300
• Damage Detection on Structures of Offshore Wind Turbines using Multiparameter Eigenvalues: 301
• 563 Validation of the Method: 303
• 564 Outlook: 304
• Influence of the Type and Size of Wind Turbines on AntiIcing Thermal Power Requirements for Blades: 305
• 572 Analysis of the Results: 306
• 574 AntiIcing Power as a Function of the Machine Type: 307
• References: 308
• Highcycle Fatigue of UltraHigh Performance Concrete and Grouted Joints for Offshore Wind Energy Turbines: 309
• 583 UltraHigh Performance Concrete in Grouted Joints: 310
• 584 Conclusions: 311
• References: 312
• A Modular Concept for Integrated Modeling of Offshore WEC Applied to WaveStructure Coupling: 313
• 5921 Model Concept: 315
• 593 Modeling of Wave Loads on the Support Structure Offshore Wind Energy Turbines: 316
• 594 Future Demands: 317
• Solutions of Details Regarding Fatigue and the Use of HighStrength Steels for Towers of Offshore Wind Energy Converters: 319
• 602 Fatigue Tests: 320
• 603 FiniteElement Analyses: 321
• References: 324
• On the Influence of LowLevel Jets on Energy Production and Loading of Wind Turbines: 325
• 613 Results: 326
• 614 Conclusions: 327
• References: 328
• Reliability of Wind Turbines Experiences of 15 years with 1500 WTs: 329
• 623 Break Down of Wind Turbines: 330
• 624 Malfunctions of Components: 331
• 625 Conclusion: 332

Bibliographic information

• Title: Wind Energy: Proceedings of the Euromech Colloquium
• Authors: Joachim Peinke, Peter Schaumann, Stephan Barth
• Editors: Joachim Peinke, Peter Schaumann, Stephan Barth
• Edition: illustrated
• Publisher: Springer, 2007
• ISBN: 3540338659, 9783540338659
• Length: 332 pages
• Subjects: Science / Energy; Science / Mechanics / Fluids; Science / Physics / General; Technology & Engineering / Automotive; Technology & Engineering / Mechanical; Technology & Engineering / Power Resources / Alternative & Renewable; Technology & Engineering / Power Resources / General; Wind power; Wind power plants; Wind power/ Congresses; Wind power/ Mathematical models/ Congresses; Winds; Winds/ Congresses