The Birds of North and Middle America: A Descriptive Catalog of the Higher Groups, Genera, Species, and Subspecies of Birds Known to Occur in North America, from the Arctic Lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and Other Islands of the Caribbean Sea, and the Galapagos Archipelago

Robert Ridgway

U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901 - Birds

Contents

• CLASS AVES TABLE OF CONTENTS: 2
• Key to the Subclasses of Aves: 3
• Key to the Orders of the Subclass Ornithuræ: 8
• ORDER PASSERIFORMES: 12
• Key to the Suborders of Passeriformes: 14
• Key to the Superfamilies of the Suborder Eleutherodactyli: 16
• SUPERFAMILY OSCINES: 17
• Key to the Families of Oscines: 18
• FAMILY FRINGILLIDÆ Key to the Genera of Fringillide: 28
• Hesperiphona Bonaparte: 37
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Hesperiphona: 38
• Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina Cooper: 39
• Hesperiphona vespertina montana Ridgway: 41
• Hesperiphona vespertina mexicana Chapman: 43
• Hesperiphona abeillii Lesson: 44
• Loxia Linnæus Key to the Species and Subspecies of Loxia: 46
• Loxia curvirostra minor Brehm: 47
• Haplospiza Cabanis: 48
• Loxia curvirostra bendirei Ridgway: 51
• Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway: 52
• Loxia leucoptera Gmelin: 53
• Pyrrhulagra Bonaparte: 54
• Pyrrhula Brisson: 56
• Pyrrhula cassini Baird: 57
• Pinicola Vieillot: 58
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pinicola: 59
• Pinicola enucleator canadensis Cabanis: 60
• Pinicola enucleator alascensis Ridgway: 63
• Pinicola enucleator flammula Homeyer: 64
• Pinicola enucleator californica Price 14 Pinicola enucleator montana Ridgway: 66
• Leucosticte Swainson: 67
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Leucosticte 15 Leucosticte tephrocotis tephrocotis Swainson: 68
• Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis Baird: 71
• Leucosticte tephrocotis griseonucha Brandt: 72
• Leucosticte atrata Ridgway: 75
• Leucosticte australis Allen: 77
• Acanthis Bechstein: 78
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Acanthis: 80
• Carduelis Brisson: 93
• 8888: 102
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Astragalinus: 108
• 2: 116
• Carpodacus Kaup: 123
• 8: 129
• 28: 130
• 37: 140
• 38: 141
• Passer Brisson: 143
• 39: 144
• 41: 147
• 43: 148
• 44: 151
• 50: 152
• Passerina hyperborea Ridgway: 153
• Calarius Bechstein: 154
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Calcarius: 155
• Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgway: 158
• Calcarius pictus Swainson: 160
• 52: 161
• Calcarius ornatus Townsend: 162
• 53: 163
• Rhynchophanes Baird: 164
• Rhynchophanes mccownii Lawrence: 165
• 56: 166
• Calamospiza Bonaparte: 167
• Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger: 168
• Spiza Bonaparte: 170
• Key to the Species of Spiza: 171
• Spiza townsendii Audubon: 174
• Chondestes Swainson: 175
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chondestes: 176
• 58: 177
• 64: 178
• 65: 179
• 66: 180
• Pooecetes Baird: 181
• 68: 182
• 75: 184
• 77: 186
• Passerculus Bonaparte: 187
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Passerculus: 188
• Passerculus princeps Maynard: 189
• Passerculus sandwichensis sandwichensis Gmelin: 190
• Passerculus sandwichensis savanna Wilson: 192
• Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonaparte: 194
• Passerculus sandwichensis bryanti Ridgway: 197
• Passerculus beldingi Ridgway: 198
• Passerculus rostratus rostratus Cassin: 199
• Passerculus rostratus sanctorum Coues: 200
• Passerculus rostratus guttatus Lawrence: 201
• Passerculus rostratus halophilus McGregor: 202
• Centronyx bairdii Audubon: 203
• Coturniculus Bonaparte: 205
• Coturniculus savannarum savannarum Gmelin: 206
• Coturniculus savannarum passerinus Wilson: 207
• Coturniculus savannarum obscurus Nelson: 209
• Ammodramus Swainson: 211
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ammodramus: 212
• Ammodramus maritimus maritimus Wilson: 214
• Ammodramus maritimus mcgillivraii Audubon: 216
• Ammodramus maritimus fisheri Chapman: 217
• Ammodramus maritimus sennetti Allen: 218
• Ammodramus nigrescens Ridgway: 219
• Ammodramus caudacutus caudacutus Gmelin: 220
• Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni Allen: 221
• Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwight: 223
• Ammodramus leconteii Audubon: 224
• Ammodramus henslowii henslowii Audubon: 226
• Passer montanus Linnæus: 228
• Plagiospiza Ridgway: 229
• Aimophila Swainson: 230
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Aimophila: 233
• Aimophila quinquestriata Sclater: 236
• Passerina Vieillot: 237
• Aimophila ruficauda ruficauda Bonaparte: 238
• Aimophila ruficauda lawrencii Salvin and Godman: 239
• Aimophila acuminata Salvin and Godman: 240
• Aimophila carpalis Coues: 241
• Aimophila notosticta Sclater and Salvin: 242
• Aimophila rufescens rufescens Swainson: 243
• Aimophila rufescens pallida Nelson and Palmer: 245
• Aimophila mcleodii Brewster: 246
• Aimophila ruficeps sororia Ridgway: 248
• Aimophila ruficeps australis Nelson: 250
• Aimophila ruficeps eremoœca Brown: 251
• Aimophila ruficeps boucardi Sclater: 252
• Aimophila cassinii Woodhouse: 253
• Aimophila æstivalis æstivalis Lichtenstein: 254
• Aimophila æstivalis bachmanii Audubon: 256
• Aimophila botterii botterii Sclater: 257
• Aimophila botterii sartorii Ridgway: 259
• Aimophila botterii petenica Salvin: 260
• Amphispiza Coues: 261
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Amphispiza: 262
• Amphispiza bilineata bilineata Cassin: 263
• Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway: 265
• Amphispiza bilineata grisea Nelson: 266
• Amphispiza belli belli Cassin: 267
• Amphispiza belli cinerea Townsend: 269
• Amphispiza belli nevadensis Ridgway: 270
• Junco Wagler: 271
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Junco: 272
• Junco aikeni Ridgway: 277
• Junco hyemalis hyemalis Linnæus: 278
• Junco hyemalis carolinensis Brewster: 282
• Junco oreganus oreganus Townsend: 283
• Junco oreganus shufeldti Coale: 285
• Junco oreganus thurberi Anthony: 287
• Junco oreganus pinosus Loomis: 288
• Junco montanus Ridgway: 289
• Junco mearnsi Ridgway: 291
• Junco townsendi Anthony: 293
• Junco bairdi Belding: 294
• Junco caniceps Woodhouse: 295
• Junco dorsalis Henry: 297
• Junco phæonotus phæonotus Wagler: 299
• Junco phæonotus palliatus Ridgway: 301
• Junco fulvescens Nelson: 302
• Junco alticola Salvin: 303
• Junco vulcani Boucard: 304
• Spizella Bonaparte: 305
• Spizella monticola monticola Gmelin: 307
• Spizella monticola ochracea Brewster: 309
• Spizella socialis Wilson: 311
• Spizella socialis mexicana Nelson: 313
• Spizella socialis pinetorum Salvin: 314
• Spizella socialis arizona Coues: 315
• Spizella pusilla pusilla Wilson: 318
• Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadbourne: 320
• Spizella wortheni Ridgway: 321
• Spizella atrogularis Cabanis: 322
• Spizella pallida Swainson: 324
• Spizella breweri Cassin: 327
• Zonotrichia Swainson: 329
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Zonotrichia: 330
• Zonotrichia querula Nuttall: 331
• Zonotrichia coronata Pallas: 333
• Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys Forster: 336
• Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli Nuttall: 339
• Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway: 342
• Zonotrichia albicollis Gmelin: 343
• Brachyspiza Ridgway: 346
• Key to the Subspecies of Brachyspiza: 347
• Brachyspiza capensis insularis Ridgway: 349
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Melospiza: 352
• Melospiza cinerea melodia Wilson: 354
• Melospiza cinerea montana Henshaw: 358
• XI: 360
• Melospiza cinerea merrilli Brewster: 361
• Melospiza cinerea fallax Baird: 362
• Melospiza cinerea rivularis Bryant: 363
• Melospiza cinerea heermanni Baird: 364
• Melospiza cinerea mexicana Ridgway: 365
• Melospiza cinerea adusta Nelson: 366
• Melospiza cinerea cooperi Ridgway: 367
• Melospiza cinerea clementæ Townsend: 368
• Melospiza cinerea graminea Townsend: 369
• Melospiza cinerea pusillula Ridgway: 370
• Melospiza cinerea cleonensis McGregor: 371
• Melospiza cinerea morphna Oberholser: 372
• Molospiza cinerea rufina Brandt: 373
• Melospiza cinerea caurina Ridgway: 375
• Melospiza cinerea insignis Baird: 376
• Melospiza cinerea cinerea Gmelin: 377
• Melospiza lincolnii Audubon: 379
• Melospiza georgiana Latham: 382
• Passerella Swainson: 384
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Passerella: 385
• Passerella iliaca iliaca Merrem: 386
• Passerella iliaca unalaschensis Gmelin: 389
• Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway: 391
• Passerella iliaca annectens Ridgway: 392
• Passerella iliaca fuliginosa Ridgway: 394
• Passerella iliaca schistacea Baird: 395
• Passerella iliaca megarhyncha Baird: 397
• Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony: 398
• Oreospiza Ridgway: 399
• Oreospiza chlorura Townsend: 400
• Pipilo Vieillot: 402
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pipilo: 403
• Pipilo torquatus torquatus Du Bus: 406
• Pipilo torquatus alticola Salvin and Godman: 408
• Pipilo macronyx macronyx Swainson: 409
• Pipilo macronyx virescens Hartlaub: 410
• Pipilo maculatus arcticus Swainson: 412
• Pipilo maculatus magnirostris Brewster: 414
• Pipilo maculatus megalonyx Baird: 415
• Pipilo maculatus clementæ Grinnell: 419
• Pipilo maculatus oregonus Bell: 420
• Pipilo consobrinus Ridgway: 422
• Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus Linnaeus: 423
• Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni Coues: 426
• Pipilo aberti Baird: 427
• Pipilo rutilus Lichtenstein: 428
• Pipilo fuscus fuscus Swainson: 430
• Pipilo fuscus potosinus Ridgway: 431
• Pipilo fuscus intermedius Nelson: 432
• Pipilo albigula Baird: 433
• Pipilo crissalis crissalis Vigors: 434
• Pipilo crissalis carola McGregor: 435
• Pipilo crissalis senicula Anthony: 436
• Melozone Reichenbach: 437
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Melozone: 438
• Melozone kieneri Bonaparte: 439
• Melozone rubricatum rubricatum Cabanis: 440
• Melozone rubricatum xantusii Lawrence: 441
• Melozone biarcuatum Prévost: 443
• Melozone leucotis Cabanis: 444
• Melozone occipitalis Cabanis: 445
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Arremonops: 446
• Arremonops rufivirgatus rufivirgatus Lawrence 474: 447
• Arremonops rufivirgatus crassirostris Ridgway: 448
• Arremonops superciliosus superciliosus Salvin: 449
• Arremonops superciliosus sumichrasti Sharpe: 450
• Arremonops verticalis Ridgway: 451
• Arremonops chloronotus Salvin: 452
• Arremonops conirostris conirostris Bonaparte: 453
• Arremon Vieillot: 454
• Arremon aurantiirostris Lafresnaye: 455
• Lysurus Ridgway: 457
• Key to the Species of Lysurus: 458
• Atlapetes Wagler: 459
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Atlapetes: 460
• Atlapetes pileatus dilutus Ridgway: 461
• Atlapetes albinucha DOrbigny and Lafresnaye: 463
• Buarremon Bonaparte: 464
• Key to the Species of Buarremon: 465
• Buarremon virenticeps Bonaparte: 467
• Buarremon assimilis Boissoneau: 468
• Pselliophorus Ridgway: 469
• Pselliophorus tibialis Lawrence: 470
• Pezopetes Cabanis: 471
• Pezopetes capitalis Cabanis: 472
• Platyspiza Ridgway: 473
• Platyspiza crassirostris Gould: 474
• Camarhynchus Gould: 476
• Camarhynchus psittaculus Gould: 477
• Camarhynchus habeli Sclater and Salvin: 480
• Camarhynchus affinis Ridgway: 481
• Camarhynchus incertus Ridgway: 482
• Camarhynchus pauper Ridgway: 483
• Camarhynchus prosthemelas Sclater and Salvin: 484
• Camarhynchus salvini Ridgway: 486
• Camarhynchus pallidus Sclater and Salvin: 487
• Geospiza Gould: 489
• Key to the Species of Geospiza: 493
• Geospiza magnirostris Gould: 495
• Geospiza strenua Gould: 496
• Geospiza pachyrhyncha Ridgway: 498
• Geospiza propinqua Ridgway: 499
• Geospiza darwini Rothschild and Hartert: 500
• Geospiza dubia Gould: 501
• Geospiza albemarlei Ridgway: 502
• Geospiza fratercula Ridgway: 504
• Geospiza minor Rothschild and Hartert: 506
• Geospiza dentirostris Gould: 507
• Geospiza debilirostris Ridgway: 508
• Geospiza scandens Gould: 509
• Geospiza septentrionalis Rothschild and Hartert: 510
• Geospiza intermedia Ridgway: 511
• Geospiza abingdoni Sclater and Salvin: 513
• Geospiza brevirostris Ridway: 514
• Cocornis Townsend: 515
• Cocornis agassizi Townsend: 516
• Acanthidops Ridgway: 517
• Acanthidops bairdi Ridgway: 519
• Haplospiza Cabanis: 520
• Haplospiza uniformis Sclater and Salvin: 521
• Key to the Species of Sicalis: 522
• Sicalis jamaica Sharpe: 523
• Volatinia Reichenbach: 525
• Key to the Subspecies of Volatinia: 526
• Euetheia Reichenbach: 529
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Euetheia: 530
• Euetheia olivacea coryi Ridgway: 532
• Euetheia olivacea bryanti Ridgway 304 Euetheia olivacea intermedia Ridgway: 533
• Euetheia olivacea pusilla Swainson: 534
• Euetheia canora Gmelin: 536
• Euetheia bicolor bicolor Linnæus: 537
• Euetheia bicolor omissa Jardine: 538
• Euetheia bicolor marchii Baird: 541
• Euetheia bicolor sharpei Hartert: 543
• Melanospiza Ridgway: 544
• Melanospiza richardsoni Cory: 545
• Loxipasser anoxanthus Gosse: 546
• Pyrrhulagra Bonaparte: 547
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pyrrhulagra: 548
• Pyrrhulagra portoricensis Daudin: 550
• Pyrrhulagra violacea violacea Linnæus: 551
• Pyrrhulagra violacea ruficollis Gmelin: 552
• Pyrrhulagra violacea affinis Baird: 553
• Pyrrhulagra noctis noctis Linnæus: 554
• Pyrrhulagra noctis sélateri Allen: 555
• Pyrrhulagra noctis dominicana Ridgway: 556
• Pyrrhulagra noctis crissalis Ridgway: 557
• Pyrrhulagra noctis ridgwayi Cory: 558
• Pyrrhulagra noctis coryi Ridgway: 559
• Pyrrhulagra noctis grenadensis Cory: 560
• Pyrrhulagra barbadensis Cory: 561
• Key to the Species of Melopyrrha: 562
• Melopyrrha taylori Hartert: 563
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Sporophila: 564
• Sporophila grisea schistacea Lawrence: 565
• Sporophila minuta minuta Linnæus: 567
• Sporophila minuta parva Lawrence: 568
• Sporophila gutturalis Lichtenstein: 569
• Sporophila corvina Sclater: 571
• XI: 572
• Sporophila aurita Bonaparte: 573
• Sporophila morelleti Bonaparte: 575
• Sporophila torqueola Bonaparte: 577
• Sporophila albitorquis Sharpe: 578
• Amaurospiza Cabanis: 579
• Cyanospiza Baird: 580
• Key to the Species of Cyanospiza: 581
• Cyanospiza cyanea Linnæus: 582
• Cyanospiza amœna Say: 584
• Cyanospiza ciris Linnæus: 586
• Cyanospiza leclancheri Lafresnaye: 589
• Cyanospiza rosita Lawrence: 590
• Cyanospiza versicolor Bonaparte: 591
• Cyanocompsa Cabanis: 594
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cyanocompsa: 595
• Cyanocompsa concreta concreta DuBus: 596
• Cyanocompsa concreta cyanesceus Ridgway: 597
• Cyanocompsa cyanoides Lafresnaye: 599
• Cyanocompsa parellina parellina Bonaparte: 601
• Cyanocompsa parellina indigotica Ridgway: 602
• Oryzoborus Cabanis: 603
• Key to the Species of Oryzoborus: 604
• Oryzoborus funereus Sclater: 605
• Guiraca Swainson: 606
• Key to the Species and Subspecies of Guiraca: 607
• Guiraca cærulea lazula Lesson: 610
• Guiraca cærulea chiapensis Nelson: 612
• Zamelodia Coues: 613
• Pheucticus Reichenbach: 621
• Cardinalis Bonaparte: 629
• Pitylus Cuvier: 651
• Rhodothraupis Ridgway: 657
• Addenda: 673
• Index 673: 690

Bibliographic information

• Title: The Birds of North and Middle America: A Descriptive Catalog of the Higher Groups, Genera, Species, and Subspecies of Birds Known to Occur in North America, from the Arctic Lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and Other Islands of the Caribbean Sea, and the Galapagos Archipelago; Volume 50 of Bulletin (United States National Museum); Smithsonian institution.UnitedStates National museum.Bulletin n.50; Part 1 of The Birds of North and Middle America, Herbert Friedmann; Part 1 of The Birds of North and Middle America: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Higher Groups, Genera, Species, and Subspecies of Birds Known to Occur in North America, from the Arctic Lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and Other Islands of the Caribbean Sea, and the Galapagos Archipelago, United States National Museum
• Author: Robert Ridgway
• Contributor: United States National Museum
• Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901
• Original from: the University of Michigan
• Digitized: Jan 29, 2009