Africa: A Modern HistoryThe end of the Second World War heralded the rapid end of European African empires. In 1945, only four African countries were independent; by 1963, thirty African states created the Organization of African Unity. Despite numerous problems, the 1960s were a time of optimism as Africans enjoyed their new independence. By the 1990s, however, the high hopes of the 1960s had been dashed. Dictatorships by strongmen, corruption, civil wars, genocide, widespread poverty, and the interventions and manipulations of the major world powers had all relegated Africa to the position of a Third World "basket case,” the poorest and least-developed continent on the planet. In Africa: A Modern History, Guy Arnold brings a lifetime of thought and experience to his examination of the continent during these momentous years. He argues that imperialism has cast a long shadow and differentiates between external pressures to control Africa and the internal failures of its leadership. Additionally, he asks whether twenty-first-century Africa can promote its own recovery and renaissance. At one thousand pages, and with more than fifty maps and fifty illustrations, Africa: A Modern History will become the definitive reference work on Africa in the twentieth century. |
Contents
Prologue | 1 |
Introduction | 19 |
CHAPTER ONE Problems of Independence | 55 |
Copyright | |
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achieved African countries Algeria Angola announced apartheid Arab arms army Assembly became become border Botswana Britain British cent Central African Chad civil claimed colonial Congo constitution continued corruption Côte d'Ivoire Council country's coup decade December democracy democratic despite donors economic elections Eritrea Ethiopia European exports Federal fighting forces foreign France FRELIMO French Gaddafi Ghana groups guerrilla Guinea Hutu increased independence investment January Kaunda Kenya Kenyatta liberation Libya major Malawi military million Mobutu Morocco Mozambique MPLA Mugabe Namibia nationalist neighbours Nigeria Nkrumah Nyerere October one-party party political population Portugal Portuguese President pressures Prime Minister problems programme rebels regime region Republic Rhodesia rule Rwanda September Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Southern Africa Soviet Sudan Tanzania territory trade troops Tutsis Uganda Union United Nations unity USSR Vorster vote West Africa Western World Bank Zaïre Zambia Zimbabwe