Double Exile: Migrations of Jewish-Hungarian Professionals Through Germany to the United States, 1919 - 1945

Tibor Frank

Peter Lang, 2009 - History - 501 pages

This is a social history of refugees escaping Hungary after the Bolshevik-type revolution of 1919, the ensuing counterrevolution, and the rise of anti-Semitism. Largely Jewish and German before World War I, the Hungarian middle class was torn by the disastrous war, the partitioning of Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon, and the numerus clausus act XXV in 1920 that seriously curtailed the number of Jews admitted to higher education. Hungary's outstanding future professionals, whether Jewish, Liberal or Socialist, felt compelled to leave the country and head to German-speaking universities in Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Germany. When Hitler came to power, these exiles were to flee again, many on the fringes of the huge German emigration. Emotionally prepared by their earlier threatening experiences in Hungary, they were quick to recognize the need to uproot themselves again. Many fled to the United States where their double exile catalyzed the USA into an active enemy of Nazi Germany and stimulated the transplantation of European modernism into American art and music. To their surprise, the refugees also encountered anti-Semitism in the USA. The book is based on extensive archival work in the USA and Germany.

Contents

• List of Illustrations: 9
• List of Illustrations: 22
• The Chemistry of FindeSiecle Budapest: 33
• Schooling: 55
• Design of the Lutheran Gimndzium High School: 64
• The Hungarian Trauma 19181920: 79
• Leaving Hungary: 98
• Graduating Jewish Students of the Lutheran: 120
• Berlin Junction: 121
• The Amerikanisierung of Berlin: 142
• Other Options in Europe: 159
• City of Immigrants: 204
• Jolan GrossBettelheim Slum: 235
• Double Expulsion Double Trauma: 243
• The Multiple Exiles of Leo Szilard: 264
• American Patterns: 270
• Institutional: 278
• Problem Solving and the U S War Effort: 351
• Theodore von Karman: 367
• Theodore von Karman aerospace scientist: 368
• John von Neumann: 382
• John von Neumann mathematician: 400
• The Manhattan Project and Leo Szilard: 401
• Conclusion: 431
• Appendix: 437
• Emil Lengyel Americas Role in World Affairs: 446
• Bibliography: 455
• Index: 483

About the author

The Author: Tibor Frank, M.A., Dr.Univ., Ph.D., D.Litt. is Professor of History and Director of the School of English and American Studies at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, Hungary. He has taught frequently at universities in the USA (UCSB, UCLA, Nevada-Reno, Columbia). In 2002 he won the prestigious German Humboldt Research Award and spent the academic year 2003-04 in the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin, Germany. Professor Frank is a corresponding fellow of the Royal Historical Society, London.

Bibliographic information

• Title: Double Exile: Migrations of Jewish-Hungarian Professionals Through Germany to the United States, 1919 - 1945; Volume 7 of Exile Studies. an Interdisciplinary; Volume 7 of Exile studies, ISSN 1072-0626; Volume 7 of Exilstudien (New York, N.Y.)
• Author: Tibor Frank
• Edition: illustrated
• Publisher: Peter Lang, 2009
• ISBN: 3039113313, 9783039113316
• Length: 501 pages
• Subjects: History / Holocaust