Adjustment Computations: Spatial Data AnalysisThe complete guide to adjusting for measurement error--expanded and updated No measurement is ever exact. Adjustment Computations updates a classic, definitive text on surveying with the latest methodologies and tools for analyzing and adjusting errors with a focus on least squares adjustments, the most rigorous methodology available and the one on which accuracy standards for surveys are based. Extensively updated, this Fourth Edition covers basic terms and fundamentals of errors and methods of analyzing them and progresses to specific adjustment computations and spatial information analysis. Each chapter includes practical examples, illustrations, and sample practice problems. Current and comprehensive, the book features: * Easy-to-understand language and an emphasis on real-world applications * Extensive coverage of the treatment of GPS-acquired data * New chapters on analyzing data in three dimensions, confidence intervals, statistical testing, and more * Extensively updated STATS, ADJUST, and MATRIX software packages * A new companion CD & web site with a 150-page solutions manual (for instructor's only), software, MathCAD worksheets, and view graphs * The latest information on advanced topics such as blunder detection and the method of general least squares Adjustment Computations, Fourth Edition is an invaluable reference and self-study resource for working surveyors, photogrammetrists, and professionals who use GPS and GIS for data collection and analysis, including oceanographers, urban planners, foresters, geographers, and transportation planners. It's also an indispensable resource for students preparing for licensing exams and the ideal textbook for courses in surveying, civil engineering, forestry, cartography, and geology. |
Contents
INTRODUCTION | 1 |
OBSERVATIONS AND THEIR ANALYSIS | 12 |
RANDOM ERROR THEORY | 33 |
Copyright | |
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Adjustment Computations: Spatial Data Analysis Charles D. Ghilani,Paul R. Wolf, Ph.D. Limited preview - 2006 |
Common terms and phrases
adjusted coordinates adjusted observations affine transformation Angle observations azimuth backsight baseline blunder Chapter coefficients computed confidence interval control points coordinate system coordinates of station corrections covariance matrix data set degrees of freedom determined Distance observations elements elevation difference ellipsoid estimated error example foresight geocentric geocentric coordinates geodetic coordinates horizontal initial approximations instrument inverse iteration latitude least squares adjustment linear map projection Mathcad measured method misclosure nonlinear normal distribution normal matrix null hypothesis observation equations orthometric height partial derivatives precision probable values procedure prototype equation reference standard deviation reference variance Repeat Problem residuals satellites scale factor Section shown in Figure sin² solve standard error stations Station statistical Step Substituting survey Table target centering total station traverse unknown stations v₁ weighted least squares X₁ yields zero дх