The intellect, with an appendix on language

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Thomas Cogswell Upham

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Harper & Bros., 1869 - Psychology

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The Essence of Self-Healing: How to Bring Health and Happiness Into Your Life

Petrene Soames
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INTRODUCTION Chap I primary truths Section Fafre 1 Importance of preliminary statements in Mental Philosophy	17

Nature of such preliminary statements	18

Of the name or designation given them	19

Primary truth of personal existence	20

Primary truth of personal identity	22

Reasons for regarding this a preliminary truth	23

There are original and authoritative grounds of belief	25

Primary truths having relation to the reasoning power 27	27

Suggestion a source of principles as well as of ideas	279

nature	282

Of the susceptibility of perceiving or feeling relations	289

Relations of degree m adjectives of the positive form	295

Of complex terms involving the relation of cause and effect	302

Resemblance the first general law of association	308

Cause and effect the fourth primary law	314

Original difference in the mental constitution	320

Occasions of the origin of the primary truth of effects and causes	28

Matter and mind have uniform and fixed laws	29

This primary truth not founded on reasoning	30

immateriality of the mind 14 On the meaning of the terms material and immaterial	32

Difference between mind and matter shown from language	33

Their different nature shown by their respective properties	34

The souls immateriality indicated by the feeling of identity	35

No exact correspondence between the mental and bodily state	36

Evidence of this want of exact correspondence T	37

Comparative state of the mind and body in dreaming	39

The great works ot genius an evidence of immateriality	40

The doctrine of materiality inconsistent with future existence	41

Of belief its degrees and its sources	43

Of suggestion consciousness and the senses as grounds of be lief	44

Memory and testimony considered as sources of belief	45

Objection to reliance on testimony	47

Of judgment or relative suggestion as aground of belief	48

Of reasoning as a ground or law of belief	49

general classification 30 The mind may be regarded in a threefold point of view	51

Evidence of the same from the terms found in different lan guages	53

Evidence from incidental remarks in writers	54

Further proof from various writers on the mind	57

Classification of the intellectual states of the mind	60

THE INTELLECT OR UNDERSTANDING INTELLECTIVE OR INTELLECTUAL STATES OP THE MIND PART FIEST THE EXTERNAL OR S...	63

Section Papa 36 Connexion of the mind with the material world	65

Of the origin or beginnings of knowledge	66

Our first knowledge in general of a material or external origin	68

Further proof of the beginnings of knowledge from external causes	70

The same subject further illustrated	72

Subject illustrated from the case of James Mitchell	73

Illustration from the case of Caspar Hauser	74

Of connatural or innate knowledge	77

The doctrine of innate knowledge not susceptible of proof	78

The further discussion of this subject unnecessary	80

Further remarks on tho rise of knowledge by means of the senses	81

Sensation a simple mental state originating in the senses	83

All sensation is properly and truly in the mind	84

Sensations are not images or resemblances of objects	87

Of the meaning and nature of perception	89

Of the primary and secondary qualities of matter	90

Of the secondary qualities of matter	92

Nature and importance of the senses as a source of knowledge	94

Of the connexion of the brain with sensation and perception	95

Order in which the senses are to be considered	96

Of perceptions of smell in distinction from sensations	97

Of the sense and sensation of taste	98

Design and uses of the senses of smell and taste	99

the sense of hearing 63 Organ of the sense of hearing	100

Nature of sonorous bodies and the medium of the communi cations of sound	101

Varieties of the sensation of sound	103

Manner in which we learn the place of sounds	104

Application of these views to the art of ventriloquism	105

Uses of hearing and its connexion with oral language	106

Section Page 69 Of the sense of touch and its sensations in general	107

TO Idea of externality suggested in connexion with the touch	108

Origin of the notion of extension and of form and figure	110

On the sensation of heat and cold Ill 73 On the sensation of hardness and softness	113

Of certain indefinite feelings sometimes ascribed to the touch	114

Relation between the sensation and what is outwardly signi fied	115

the sense of sight 76 Of the organ of sight and the uses or benefits of that sense	117

Statement of the mode or process in visual perception	118

Of the original and acquired perceptions of sigtit	119

Of the knowledge of the figure of bodies by the sight	121

Measurements of magnitude by the eye	123

Of objects seen in the mist and of the sun and moon in the horizon	124

Of the estimation of distances by sight	126

Estimation of distance when unaided by intermediate objects	128

Of objects seen on the ocean c	130

Explanatory remarks	131

By means of sensations we have a knowledge of outward things	132

Objection to a reliance on the Benscs	133

Some alleged mistakes of the senses owing to want of care 185	135

Of mistakes in judging of the motion of objects	138

Of mistakes as to the distances and magnitude of objects	140

The senses liable to be diseased	141

On the real existence of a material world	142

Doctrine of the nonexistence of matter considered	143

The senses as much grounds of belief as other parte of our constitution	145

General view of the law of habit and of its applications	147

Of habit in relation to the smell	149

Of habit in relation to the taste	150

Of habit in relation to the hearing	152

Of certain universal habits based on sounds	154

Application of habit to the touch	156

Other striking instances of habits of touch	159

Habits considered in relation to the sight 100	160

Sensations may possess a relative as well as positive increase of power	162

Of habits as modified by particular callings or arts 103	163

The law of habit considered in reference to the perception of the outlines and forms of objects	164

Notice of some facts which favour the above doctrine	165

Additional illustrations of Mr Stewarts doctrine 106	166

muscular habits Section PafTe 111 Instances in proof of the existence of muscular habits	167

Muscular habits regarded by some writers as involuntary	169

the conceptive power conceptions 114 Conceptivity and characteristics of conceptions	172

Of conceptions of objects of sight	173

Of the influence of habit on our conceptions	175

Influence of habit on conceptions of sight	176

Of conceptions attended with a momentary belief	177

Conceptions which are joined with perceptions	180

Conceptions as connected with fictitious representations	182

Origin of the distinction of simple and complex	183

Nature and characteristics of simple mental states	184

Simple cognitive states representative of a reality	185

Origin of complex notions and their relation to simple	186

Supposed complexness without the antecedence of simple feelings	187

The precise sense in which complexness is to be understood	188

Illustrations of analysis as applied to the mind	190

Complex notions of external origin	191

Of objeetB contemplated as wholes	192

Something more in external objects than mere attributes or qualities	193

Explanatory remarks on the true philosophical method	194

Section Page	196

abstraction the abstractive power 134 Abstraction implied in the analysis of complex Ideas	197

Instances of particular abstract ideas	198

Names and complexity in the power of abstraction	199

Of generalizations of particular abstract mental states	202

general abstract ideas 139 General abstract notions the same with genera and species	203

Process in classification or the forming of genera and species	204

Early classifications sometimes incorrect	205

Illustrations of our earliest classifications	206

Of the nature of general abstract ideas	207

Objection sometimes made to the existence of general notions	209

The power of general abstraction in connexion with num bers c	210

Of general abstract truths or principles	211

Of the speculations of philosophers and others	212

Of the opinions of the Nominalists	213

Of the opinions of the Conceptualists	214

Further remarks of Brown on general abstractions	216

Names given it and its result when in exercise	217

Section PaP 154 Complexness of the power of attention	219

Dependence of memory on attention	220

Of exercising attention in reading	222

Alleged inability to command the attention	223

Definition of dreams and the prevalence of them	225

Connexion of dreams with our waking thoughts	226

Dreams are often caused by our sensations	227

Explanation of the incoherency of dreams 1st cause	229

Apparent reality of dreams 1st cause	230

Apparent reality of dreams 2d cause	231

Of our estimate of time in dreaming	232

Of the senses sinking to sleep in succession	235

General remarks on cases of somnambulism	236

Further illustrations of somnambulism	238

DIVISION FIRST THE INTELLECT OR UNDERSTANDING INTELLECTIVE OR INTELLECTUAL STATES OF THE MIND PART SECOND TH...	241

INTELLECTUAL STATES OP INTERNAL ORIGIN Chap I internal origin of knowledge 169 The soul has fountains of knowledge within	243

Declaration of Locke that the soul has knowledge in itself	244

Opinions of Cudworth on the subject of internal knowledge	245

Further remarks of the same writer on this subject	246

Writers who have objected to the doctrine of an internal source of knowledge	248

Knowledge begins in the senses but has internal accessions	250

Instances of notions which have an internal origin	252

Imperfections attendant on classifications in mental philoso phy	254

the intuitional or suggestional power 177 Place general objects and names of this power	255

Ideas of existence mind selfexistence and personal identity	257

Origin of the idea of externality	259

Idea of matter or material existence	260

Origin of the idea of motion	262

Nature of succession and origin of the idea of succession	264

Of time and its measurements and of eternity	267

The idea of space not of external origin	269

The idea of space has its origin in suggestion	271

Characteristic marks of the notion of space	272

Of the origin of the idea of power	273

Origin of the idea of the first or primitive	275

Of the ideas of right and wrong	276

Origin of the ideas of moral merit and demerit	277

Of other elements of knowledge developed in suggestion	278

casual associations i intellectual	326

Tendency of the mind to pass from the sign to the thing sig	332

Section Paae 242 Power of the will over mental associations	337

Association controlled by indirect voluntary power	338

Further illustrations of indirect voluntary power	339

memory 245 Remarks on the general nature of memory	341

Of memory as a ground or law of belief	342

Of differences in the strength of memory	343

Of circumstantial memory or that species of memory which is based on the relations of contiguity in time and place	345

Illustrations of specific or circumstantial memory	347

Of philosophic memory or that specics of memory which is based on other relations than those of contiguity	348

Further illustrations of philosophic memory	350

Of that species of memory called intentional recollection	351

Instance illustrative of the preceding	353

Remarks on the memory of the aged	354

On the compatibility of strong memory and good judgment	356

Marks of a good memory	357

Directions or rules for the improvement of the memory	358

Further directions for the improvement of the memory	361

Of observance of the truth in connexion with memory	363

Of mnemonics or systems of artificial memory	364

Restoration of thoughts and feelings supposed to be forgotten	365

Mental action quickened by influence on the physical system	367

Other instances of quickened mental action and of a restora tion of thoughts	368

Effect on the memory of a severe attack of fever	369

Approval and illustrations of these views from Coleridge	370

Application of the principles of this chapter to education	372

Connexion of this doctrine with the final judgment and a fu ture life	373

reasoning 269 Reasoning a source of ideas and knowledge	375

Illustrations of the value of the reasoning power	376

Definition of reasoning and of propositions	378

Process of the mind in all cases of reasoning	379

Grounds of the selection of propositions	381

Reasoning implies the existence of antecedent or assumed propositions	382

Of reasoning a priori	386

Of reasoning a fortiori	387

Of habits of reasoning	389

Of reasoning in connexion with language or expression	390

demonstrative reasoning 281 Of the subjects of demonstrative reasoning	392

Use of definitions and axioms in demonstrative reasoning	393

The opposites of demonstrative reasonings absurd	394

Demonstrations do not admit of different degrees of belief	395

Of the use of diagrams in demonstrations	396

Of signs in general as connected with reasoning	397

Section Page 287 Of the influence of demonstrative reasoning on the mental character	399

Further considerations on the influence of demonstrative rea soning	400

moral reasoning 289 Of the subjects and importance of moral reasoning	402

Of the nature of moral certainty	403

Of reasoning from analogy	404

Caution to be used in reasoning from analogy	406

Of reasoning by induction	407

Of the caution necessary in inductive processes	408

Of combined or accumulated arguments	409

PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS IN REASONING 297 Logic and rules relating to the practice of reasoning	411

Of being influenced in reasoning by a love of the truth	412

Care to be used in correctly stating the subject of discussion	413

Consider the kind of evidence applicable to the subject	414

Reject the aid of false arguments or sophisms	415

Fallacia cquivocationis or the use of equivocal terms and phrases	417

On the sophism of estimating actions and character from the circumstances of success merely	419

Of adherence to our opinions	420

Effects on the mind of debating for victory instead of truth	421

imagination 306 Imagination an intellectual process closely related to reason ing 7	423

Definition of the power of imagination	424

Process of the mind in the creations of the imagination	425

FurtSr remarks on the same subject	426

Illustration from the writings of Dr Reid	427

Grounds of the preference of one conception to another	428

The creations of imagination not entirely voluntary	429

Illustration of the statements of the preceding section	431

On the utility of the faculty of the imagination	432

Works of imagination give different degrees of pleasure	433

Importance of the imagination in connexion with reasoning	435

Of misconceptions by means of the imagination	437

Explanation of the above misrepresentations of the imagina tion	438

Feelings of sympathy aided by the imagination	439

Of complex ideas of external origin	440

Nature of complex ideas of internal origin	441

Of complex notions formed by the repetition of the same thing	442

Of the help afforded by names in the combination of numbers	443

Instances of complex notions made up of different simple ideas	444

Not the same internal complex ideas in all languages	446

Origin of the complex notion of a Supreme Being	448

PART THIRD IMPERFECT AND DISORDERED INTELLECTUAL ACTION Chap I connexion of the mind and bodt	451

Section Paftfl 338 Disordered intellectual action connected with the body	453

The mind constituted on the principle of a connexion with the body	454

Illustration of the subject from the effects of old age	455

The connexion of the bodily system with the mental shown from the effects resulting from diseases	456

Shown also from the effects of stimulating drugs and gases	457

Influence on the body of excited imagination and passion	458

This doctrine of use in explaining mental phenomena	460

excited conceptions or apparitions 335 Of excited conceptions and of apparitions in general	461

Of the less permanent excited conceptions of sight	462

Of the less permanent excited conceptions of sound	463

First cause of permanently vivid conceptions or apparitions Morbid sensibility of the retina of the eye	464

Second cause of permanently excited conceptions or appari tions Superabundance of blood in the system	467

Methods of relief adopted in this case	469

Third cause of excited conceptions Attacks of fever	470

Fourth cause of apparitions and other excited conceptions	471

Inflammation of the brain	473

partial insanity 345 Meaning of the term and kinds of insanity	474

Of disordered or alienated sensations	475

Of disordered or alienated external perception	476

Disordered state or insanity of intuition	477

Unsoundness or insanity of consciousness	479

Insanity of the judgment or relative suggestion	480

Disordered or alienated association Lightheadedncss	481

Of partial insanity or alienation of the memory	482

Of the power of reasoning in the partially insane	484

Instance of the above form of disordered reasoning	485

Of readiness of reasoning in the partially insane	486

Partial mental alienation by means of the imagination	487

Insanity or alienation of the power of belief	488

Idea of total insanity or delirium	490

Of perception in cases of total or delirious insanity	491

Of association in delirious insanity	492

Of the memory in connexion with delirious insanity	494

Of the form of insanity called furor or madness	495

Of the causes of the different kinds of insanity	496

Of moral accountability in mental alienation	497

Of the imputation of insanity to individuals	498

Of the treatment of the insane	499

APPENDIX ON LANGUAGE	501

natural signs 1 Of the natural and necessary communication of the mental states from one to another	503

Mental states first expressed by gesture and the countenance	504

Of the use made of natural signs by the deaf and dumb	505

Further illustrations of the great power of natural signs	507

Of the system of signs existing among the N A Savages	510

Of the symbolic exhibitions of the Hebrews	512

Of the instinctive interpretation of certain natural signs	513

Further evidence of the instinctive interpretation ot natural signs	514

Considerations on the use of natural signs	516

Remarks on the original formation of oral signs	518

Of the possibility ol forming an oral language without Divine aid	520

Oral signs or words arc in general arbitrary	522

Words at first few in number and limited to particular objects	523

Formation ot appellatives implies the feeling of resemblance	525

On the increase in the number of nouns or appellatives	526

Of the formation of verbs	527

Formation of adjectives and other parts of speech	528

The foregoing principles confirmed from the deaf and dumb	529

Of the formation of prepositions	530

Of the origin and original import of conjunctions	531

Further remarks on the meaning of conjunctions etc	532

Principle of selection and significancy of proper names	533

Of the origin and significancy of the names of places	534

written signs 20 Of the causes which led to the formation of written signs	535

The first artificial signs addressed to the eye were pictures	536

Of hieroglyphical writing	538

Of the written characters of the Chinese	539

The Chinese character an improvement on the hieroglyphical	540

Artificial delineations employed as signs of sound	541

The preceding views confirmed by recent researches	542

On the recent formation of the Cherokee syllabic alphabet	543

Facts relative to the invention of the Cherokee alphabet	544

Conventional written signs as expressive of numbers etc	546

All anguages have their characteristic traits	548

Characteristics of the languages of uncivilized nations	549

Characteristics of language in civilized and scientific nations	550

Characteristics of languages depend much on habits	551

Languages aid in forming correct ideas of national character	552

Of the correspondence between national intellect etc	553

Different languages suited to different minds and subjects	555

Such differences shown by attempts at translating	556

Of the study of the Greek and Latin languages	558

Of an universal language	560

Common terms and phrases

abstract ideas action antecedent apparent magnitude appear apply ascer ascribed asso association attention belief body called cause circumstances colour combined complex notions conceptions connexion consciousness consequence consideration considered constitution degree direct distinct doctrine dreams Dugald Stewart effect eral evidence exercise existence experience expressed external origin fact faculties give habit hearing Hence illustrate imagination implies inductive reasoning inquiry instance intel intellectual internal Intuition James Mitchell jects judgment knowledge language less material means memory ment mental merely mind moral moral reasoning nature nexion notice occasion operations outward particular perceived perception person philosophical possess present principle propositions qualities reasoning recollection reference relation remark respect result retina rience sensation sideration sight sometimes somnambulism somnambulist sophism soul sound spects statement supposed susceptible taste term things tion trains of thought true truth visual perception volition words writers

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Title	The intellect, with an appendix on language Volume 1 of Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Three Departments of the Intellect, Sensibilities, and Will, Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Three Departments of the Intellect, Sensibilities, and Will Issues 41618-41631 of 19th-century legal treatises
Author	Thomas Cogswell Upham
Publisher	Harper & Bros., 1869
Original from	Harvard University
Digitized	Jul 17, 2008

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