The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Fourth Edition (Google eBook)

James G. Speight

CRC Press, Dec 12, 2010 - Science - 984 pages

Refineries must not only adapt to evolving environmental regulations for cleaner product specifications and processing, but also find ways to meet the increasing demand for petroleum products,particularly for liquid fuels and petrochemical feedstocks. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Fourth Edition offers a 21st century perspective on the development of petroleum refining technologies.

Like its bestselling predecessors, this volume traces the science of petroleum from its subterranean formation to the physicochemical properties and the production of numerous products and petrochemical intermediates. Presenting nearly 50 percent new material, this edition emphasizes novel refining approaches that optimize efficiency and throughput. It includes new chapters on heavy oil and tar sand bitumen recovery, deasphalting and dewaxing processes, and environmental aspects of refining, including refinery wastes, regulations, and analysis. The text also features revised and expanded coverage of instability and incompatibility, refinery distillation, thermal cracking, hydrotreating and desulfurization, hydrocracking, and hydrogen production.

A unique, well-documented, and forward-thinking work, this book continues to present the most complete coverage of petroleum science, technology, and refining available. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Fourth Edition provides an ideal platform for scientists, engineers, and other professionals to achieve cleaner and more efficient petroleum processing methods.

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Contents

• History and Terminology: 3
• 12 MODERN PERSPECTIVES: 10
• 13 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY: 12
• 14 NATIVE MATERIALS: 14
• 142 HEAVY OIL: 16
• 144 WAX: 17
• 145 ASPHALTITE: 18
• 147 BITUMINOUS ROCK AND BITUMINOUS SAND: 19
• 149 NATURAL GAS: 20
• 15 MANUFACTURED MATERIALS: 22
• 154 TAR AND PITCH: 23
• 155 COKE: 24
• 162 RESINS AND OILS: 25
• 17 OIL PRICES: 26
• 171 PRICING STRATEGIES: 27
• 173 FUTURE OF OIL: 28
• Classification: 31
• 22 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS: 33
• 222 CLASSIFICATION BY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION: 34
• 223 CORRELATION INDEX: 36
• 224 DENSITY: 37
• 225 API GRAVITY: 38
• 227 CARBON DISTRIBUTION: 39
• 229 UOP CHARACTERIZATION FACTOR: 40
• 2211 POUR POINT: 41
• 24 RESERVOIR CLASSIFICATION: 43
• 242 FUTURE: 44
• REFERENCES: 45
• Origin and Occurrence: 47
• 32 ORIGIN: 48
• 322 BIOCENIC ORIGIN: 50
• 3221 Deposition of Organic Matter: 52
• 3223 Nature of the Source Material: 54
• 3224 Transformation of Organic Matter into Petroleum: 57
• 3225 Accumulation in Reservoir Sediments: 58
• 3226 In Situ Transformation of Petroleum: 63
• 323 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE ABIOGENIC THEORY AND THE BIOGENIC THEORY: 66
• 324 RELATIONSHIP OF PETROLEUM COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES: 67
• 33 OCCURRENCE: 69
• 331 RESERVES: 70
• 332 CONVENTIONAL PETROLEUM: 73
• 333 NATURAL GAS: 74
• 334 HEAVY OIL: 76
• REFERENCES: 79
• Kerogen: 83
• 43 COMPOSITION: 87
• 45 ISOLATION: 88
• 46 METHODS FOR PROBING KEROGEN STRUCTURE: 89
• 462 FUNCTIONAL GROUP ANALYSIS: 90
• 464 THERMAL METHODS: 91
• 465 ACIDCATALYZED HYDROGENOLYSIS: 92
• 48 KEROGEN MATURATION: 94
• REFERENCES: 96
• Exploration Recovery and Transportation: 99
• 52 EXPLORATION: 100
• 521 GRAVITY METHODS: 101
• 522 MAGNETIC METHODS: 102
• 523 SEISMIC METHODS: 103
• 524 ELECTRICAL METHODS: 104
• 526 RADIOACTIVE METHODS: 105
• 53 DRILLING OPERATIONS: 106
• 532 DRILLING RIG: 107
• 533 DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS: 109
• 54 WELL COMPLETION: 110
• 55 RECOVERY: 111
• 551 PRIMARY RECOVERY NATURAL METHODS: 114
• 552 SECONDARY RECOVERY: 117
• 553 ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY: 119
• 56 PRODUCTS AND PRODUCT QUALITY: 133
• 57 TRANSPORTATION: 135
• REFERENCES: 140
• Recovery of Heavy Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen: 143
• 62 OIL MINING: 150
• 622 HOTWATER PROCESS: 152
• 623 OTHER PROCESSES: 155
• 63 NONMINING METHODS: 157
• 631 STEAMBASED PROCESSES: 159
• 632 COMBUSTION PROCESSES: 160
• 633 OTHER PROCESSES: 163
• REFERENCES: 173
• Composition and Properties: 175
• Chemical Composition: 177
• 72 ULTIMATE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION: 178
• 73 CHEMICAL COMPONENTS: 179
• 731 HYDROCARBON CONSTITUENTS: 181
• 7311 Paraffin Hydrocarbons: 182
• 7312 Cycloparaffin Hydrocarbons Naphthenes: 184
• 7313 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: 185
• 7314 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: 187
• 7321 Sulfur Compounds: 188
• 7322 Oxygen Compounds: 190
• 7324 Metallic Constituents: 192
• 7325 Porphyrins: 193
• 74 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BY DISTILLATION: 195
• 741 GASES AND NAPHTHA: 197
• 742 MIDDLE DISTILLATES: 198
• 743 VACUUM RESIDUA 1050F+: 200
• REFERENCES: 201
• Fractional Composition: 205
• 82 DISTILLATION: 207
• 821 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: 210
• 822 REDUCED PRESSURES: 211
• 823 AZEOTROPIC AND EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION: 213
• 83 SOLVENT TREATMENT: 214
• 831 ASPHALTENE SEPARATION: 216
• 8312 Influence of the Degree of Dilution: 219
• 8314 Influence of Contact Time: 220
• 84 ADSORPTION: 222
• 842 FRACTIONATION METHODS: 223
• 8422 ASTM Methods: 227
• 85 CHEMICAL METHODS: 229
• 852 MOLECULAR COMPLEX FORMATION: 231
• 8522 Thiourea Adduction: 232
• 8524 Adduct Structure: 233
• 8525 Adduct Properties: 234
• 86 USE OF THE DATA: 235
• REFERENCES: 237
• Petroleum Analysis: 239
• 92 PETROLEUM ASSAY: 240
• 93 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: 243
• 932 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 244
• 933 VISCOSITY: 246
• 934 SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION: 249
• 935 METALS CONTENT: 251
• 94 THERMAL PROPERTIES: 252
• 942 LIQUEFACTION AND SOLIDIFICATION: 255
• 943 CARBON RESIDUE: 257
• 944 ANILINE POINT: 258
• 945 SPECIFIC HEAT: 259
• 949 PRESSUREVOLUMETEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS: 260
• 95 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: 261
• 954 DIELECTRIC Loss AND POWER FACTOR: 262
• 96 OPTICAL PROPERTIES: 263
• 962 OPTICAL ACTIVITY: 264
• 971 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: 265
• 973 MASS SPECTROMETRY: 266
• 982 SIMULATED DISTILLATION: 269
• 983 ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY: 270
• 984 GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY: 271
• 985 IONEXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY: 273
• 986 HIGHPERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: 274
• 987 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: 275
• 910 USE OF THE DATA: 276
• REFERENCES: 277
• Structural Group Analysis: 281
• 102 METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL GROUP ANALYSIS: 283
• 1021 PHYSICAL PROPERTY METHODS: 286
• 10212 Waterman Ring Analysis: 288
• 10213 Density Method: 289
• 10215 DispersionRefraction Method: 290
• 1 0217 Molecular WeightRefractive Index Method: 291
• 10218 Miscellaneous Methods: 292
• 1022 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS: 293
• 10221 Infrared Spectroscopy: 294
• 10222 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: 297
• 10223 Mass Spectrometry: 301
• 10224 Electron Spin Resonance: 303
• 10225 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy: 304
• 10226 XRay Diffraction: 305
• 1023 HETEROATOM SYSTEMS: 307
• 10232 Oxygen: 308
• 10234 Metals: 309
• REFERENCES: 310
• Asphaltene Constituents: 315
• 112 SEPARATION: 316
• 113 COMPOSITION: 319
• 114 MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 324
• 115 REACTIONS: 328
• 116 SOLUBILITY PARAMETER: 333
• 117 STRUCTURAL ASPECTS: 335
• REFERENCES: 341
• Structure of Petroleum: 345
• 122 MOLECULAR SPECIES IN PETROLEUM: 346
• 1222 RESIN CONSTITUENTS: 347
• 12223 Molecular Weight: 349
• 12233 Molecular Weight: 350
• 124 STABILITY OR INSTABILITY OF THE CRUDE OIL SYSTEM: 355
• 125 EFFECTS ON RECOVERY AND REFINING: 364
• 1251 EFFECTS ON RECOVERY OPERATIONS: 365
• 1252 EFFECTS ON REFINING OPERATIONS: 368
• REFERENCES: 370
• Instability and Incompatibility: 373
• 132 INSTABILITY AND INCOMPATIBILITY IN PETROLEUM: 377
• 133 FACTORS INFLUENCING INSTABILITY AND INCOMPATIBILITY: 378
• 1332 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 379
• 1334 VISCOSITY: 380
• 1336 POUR POINT: 381
• 1337 ACIDITY: 382
• 1339 WATER CONTENT SALT CONTENT AND BOTTOM SEDIMENT AND WATER BSW: 383
• 135 EFFECT OF ASPHALTENE CONSTITUENTS: 388
• REFERENCES: 391
• Refining: 393
• Introduction to Refining Processes: 395
• 142 DEWATERING AND DESALTING: 398
• 143 EARLY PROCESSES: 399
• 144 DISTILLATION: 400
• 1441 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT: 401
• 1442 MODERN PROCESSES: 402
• 14422 Vacuum Distillation: 403
• 14423 Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation: 405
• 1452 MODERN PROCESSES: 408
• 14523 Coking: 409
• 146 CATALYTIC METHODS: 411
• 1462 MODERN PROCESSES: 413
• 1463 CATALYSTS: 414
• 147 HYDROPROCESSES: 415
• 14721 Hydrofining: 418
• 1482 MODERN PROCESSES: 419
• 14823 Catalysts: 420
• 149 ISOMERIZATION: 421
• 1493 CATALYSTS: 422
• 1410 ALKYLATION PROCESSES: 423
• 14103 CATALYSTS: 424
• 14113 CATALYSTS: 425
• 14122 DEWAXING: 426
• 1413 REFINING HEAVY FEEDSTOCKS: 427
• 1414 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS: 431
• 1415 PETROCHEMICALS: 433
• REFERENCES: 434
• Refining Chemistry: 437
• 152 CRACKING: 439
• 1522 CATALYTIC CRACKING: 440
• 1523 DEHYDROGENATION: 443
• 1531 HYDROCRACKING: 444
• 154 ISOMERIZATION: 445
• 155 ALKYLATION: 446
• 157 PROCESS CHEMISTRY: 447
• 1572 HYDROCONVERSION CHEMISTRY: 456
• 1573 CHEMISTRY IN THE REFINERY: 457
• 15732 Hydroprocessing: 460
• REFERENCES: 462
• Distillation: 465
• 162 PRETREATMENT: 467
• 163 ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM DISTILLATION: 468
• 1631 ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION: 470
• 1632 VACUUM DISTILLATION: 473
• 164 EQUIPMENT: 475
• 1642 PACKINGS: 477
• 165 OTHER PROCESSES: 478
• 1652 RERUNNING: 479
• 1654 SUPERFRACTIONATION: 480
• 1655 AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION: 481
• 1656 EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION: 483
• 1657 PROCESS OPTIONS FOR HEAVY FEEDSTOCKS: 484
• REFERENCES: 485
• Thermal Cracking: 487
• 172 EARLY PROCESSES: 492
• 173 COMMERCIAL PROCESSES: 493
• 1731 VISBREAKING: 494
• 1732 COKING PROCESSES: 499
• 17321 Delayed Coking: 500
• 17322 Fluid Coking: 503
• 17323 Flexicoking: 505
• 1733 PROCESS OPTIONS FOR HEAVY FEEDSTOCKS: 507
• 17333 Comprehensive Heavy Ends Reforming Refinery CherryP Process: 508
• 17334 Decarbonizing: 509
• 17335 ETII Process: 510
• 17337 Fluid Thermal Cracking FTC Process: 511
• 17338 High Conversion Soaker Cracking HSC Process: 512
• 17339 MixedPhase Cracking: 515
• 173313 Tervahl T Process: 517
• 173314 VaporPhase Cracking: 518
• Catalytic Cracking: 521
• 182 EARLY PROCESSES: 525
• 1831 FIXEDBED PROCESSES: 526
• 18322 Model IV FluidBed Catalytic Cracking Unit: 528
• 1833 MOVINGBED PROCESSES: 529
• 1834 PROCESS OPTIONS FOR HEAVY FEEDSTOCKS: 530
• 18342 Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking HOC Process: 531
• 18343 Heavy Oil Treating HOT Process: 532
• 18344 R2R Process: 533
• 18346 Shell FCC Process: 534
• 18347 SW Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process: 536
• 184 CATALYSTS: 537
• 1841 CATALYST TREATMENT: 538
• 1851 REACTOR: 539
• 1852 COKING: 540
• 1853 CATALYST VARIABLES: 542
• 1854 PROCESS VARIABLES: 543
• 1855 ADDITIVES: 544
• Deasphalting and Dewaxing Processes: 547
• 1921 DEASPHALTINC PROCESS: 548
• 1922 PROCESS OPTIONS FOR HEAVY FEEDSTOCKS: 554
• 19221 Deep Solvent Deasphalting Process: 555
• 19222 Demex Process: 558
• 19223 MDS Process: 559
• 19224 Residuum Oil Supercritical Extraction ROSE Process: 560
• 19225 Solvahl Process: 561
• 193 DEWAXING PROCESSES: 562
• REFERENCES: 567
• Hydrotreating and Desulfurization: 569
• 202 PROCESS PARAMETERS AND REACTORS: 577
• 2021 HYDROGEN PARTIAL PRESSURE: 578
• 2025 FEEDSTOCK EFFECTS: 579
• 2026 REACTORS: 581
• 20262 Upflow ExpandedBed Reactor: 582
• 20263 Demetallization Reactor Guard Bed Reactor: 583
• 2031 AUTOFINING: 584
• 2034 HYDROFINING: 585
• 2035 ISOMAX: 587
• 20391 Residuum Desulfurization and Vacuum Residuum Desulfurization Process: 588
• 20392 Residfining Process: 589
• 204 CATALYSTS: 590
• 205 BIODESULFURIZATION: 594
• 206 GASOLINE AND DIESEL FUEL POLISHING: 595
• REFERENCES: 597
• Hydrocracking: 599
• 212 COMMERCIAL PROCESSES: 605
• 2121 PROCESS DESIGN: 606
• 2122 PROCESS OPTIONS FOR HEAVY FEEDSTOCKS: 610
• 21223 HOil Process: 612
• 21224 Hydrovisbreaking HYCAR Process: 614
• 21226 IFP Hydrocracking Process: 615
• 21227 Isocracking Process: 616
• 21228 LCFining Process: 617
• 21229 MAKfining Process: 619
• 212211 Mild Hydrocracking Process: 621
• 212212 MRH Process: 622
• 212213 RCD Unibon BOC Process: 623
• 212215 Residue Hydroconversion RHC Process: 624
• 212217 Unicracking Process: 625
• 212218 Veba Combi Cracking Process: 627
• 213 CATALYSTS: 628
• REFERENCES: 635
• Hydrogen Production: 637
• 222 PROCESSES REQUIRING HYDROGEN: 640
• 2222 HYDROCRACKING: 641
• 223 FEEDSTOCKS: 642
• 224 PROCESS CHEMISTRY: 643
• 225 COMMERCIAL PROCESSES: 645
• 2251 HEAVY RESIDUE GASIFICATION AND COMBINED CYCLE POWER GENERATION: 646
• 2252 HYBRID GASIFICATION PROCESS: 647
• 2255 PYROLYSIS PROCESSES: 648
• 2256 SHELL GASIFICATION PARTIAL OXIDATION PROCESS: 649
• 2258 STEAMNAPHTHA REFORMING: 651
• 22510 TEXACO GASIFICATION PARTIAL OXIDATION PROCESS: 652
• 226 CATALYSTS: 653
• 2262 SHIFT CONVERSION CATALYSTS: 654
• 2263 METHANATION CATALYSTS: 655
• 2271 WET SCRUBBING: 656
• 2273 MEMBRANE SYSTEMS: 658
• REFERENCES: 659
• Product Improvement: 661
• 232 REFORMING: 662
• 2321 THERMAL REFORMING: 664
• 2322 CATALYTIC REFORMING: 665
• 23221 FixedBed Processes: 668
• 23222 MovingBed Processes: 672
• 233 ISOMERIZATION: 673
• 2331 BUTAMER PROCESS: 675
• 2333 HYSOMER PROCESS: 676
• 2338 PENTAFINING PROCESS: 677
• 2341 CASCADE SULFURIC ACID ALKYLATION: 678
• 2342 HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ALKYLATION: 679
• 235 POLYMERIZATION: 680
• 2352 SOLID PHOSPHORIC ACID CONDENSATION: 681
• 236 CATALYSTS: 682
• 2362 ISOMERIZATION PROCESSES: 683
• REFERENCES: 684
• A Product Treating: 685
• 242 COMMERCIAL PROCESSES: 688
• 24211 Dualayer Distillate Process: 689
• 24216 Mercapsol Process: 690
• 24219 Solutizer Process: 691
• 24221 Nalfining Process: 693
• 2423 CLAY PROCESSES: 694
• 24234 Continuous Contact Filtration Process: 695
• 2424 OXIDATIVE PROCESSES: 696
• 24243 Doctor Process: 697
• 24245 Inhibitor Sweetening Process: 698
• 24251 Deasphalting: 699
• 24252 Solvent Refining: 700
• 24253 Dewaxing: 703
• REFERENCES: 706
• Gas Processing: 707
• 2511 GAS STREAMS FROM CRUDE OIL: 708
• 2512 GAS STREAMS FROM NATURAL GAS: 711
• 252 GAS CLEANING: 712
• 253 WATER REMOVAL: 719
• 2531 ABSORPTION: 720
• 2533 USE OF MEMBRANES: 721
• 254 LIQUIDS REMOVAL: 722
• 2542 ABSORPTION: 723
• 255 NITROGEN REMOVAL: 724
• 257 ENRICHMENT: 728
• 259 CLAUS PROCESS: 729
• REFERENCES: 731
• Products: 733
• 262 GASEOUS FUELS: 738
• 2622 MANUFACTURE: 739
• 263 GASOLINE: 742
• 2632 MANUFACTURE: 743
• 2633 PROPERTIES AND USES: 746
• 2635 ADDITIVES: 748
• 264 SOLVENTS NAPHTHA: 750
• 2642 MANUFACTURE: 751
• 2643 PROPERTIES AND USES: 753
• 265 KEROSENE: 754
• 2651 COMPOSITION: 755
• 2653 PROPERTIES AND USES: 756
• 267 LUBRICATING OIL: 758
• 2671 COMPOSITION: 759
• 26721 Chemical Refining Processes: 760
• 26724 Catalytic Dewaxing: 761
• 26727 Older Processes: 762
• 2673 PROPERTIES AND USES: 763
• 268 OTHER OIL PRODUCTS: 764
• 2682 INSULATING OIL: 765
• 2683 INSECTICIDES: 766
• 2691 LIME SOAP: 767
• 2692 SODA SOAP: 768
• 2610 WAX: 769
• 26103 PROPERTIES AND USES: 771
• 26112 MANUFACTURE: 772
• 26113 PROPERTIES AND USES: 774
• 2613 SULFONIC ACIDS: 776
• 2614 ACID SLUDGE: 777
• REFERENCES: 778
• Petrochemicals: 781
• 272 CHEMICALS FROM PARAFFINS: 789
• 2722 NITRATION: 790
• 2723 OXIDATION: 791
• 2724 ALKYLATION: 792
• 2725 THERMOLYSIS: 793
• 2731 HYDROXYLATION: 794
• 2732 HALOCENATION: 796
• 2734 OXIDATION: 797
• 275 CHEMICALS FROM ACETYLENE: 799
• 277 INORGANIC PETROCHEMICALS: 801
• 278 SYNTHESIS GAS: 802
• REFERENCES: 803
• Environmental Issues: 805
• Environmental Aspects of Refining: 807
• 282 DEFINITIONS: 809
• 283 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS: 811
• 2831 CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS: 812
• 2834 RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT: 813
• 2836 COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE COMPENSATION AND LIABILITY ACT: 814
• 2839 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION ACT: 815
• 2841 GASEOUS EMISSIONS: 818
• 2842 LIQUID EFFLUENTS: 822
• 2843 SOLID EFFLUENTS: 823
• 285 EPILOG: 824
• Refinery Wastes: 827
• 292 PROCESS WASTES: 830
• 2921 DESALTING: 831
• 2922 DISTILLATION: 832
• 2923 THERMAL CRACKING AND VISBREAKING: 835
• 2924 COKING PROCESSES: 836
• 2925 FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING: 838
• 2926 HYDROCRACKING AND HYDROTREATING: 839
• 2927 CATALYTIC REFORMING: 842
• 2928 ALKYLATION: 843
• 2929 ISOMERIZATION: 845
• 29210 POLYMERIZATION: 846
• 29211 DEASPHALTING: 847
• 29212 DEWAXING: 848
• 29213 GAS PROCESSING: 849
• 293 TYPES OF WASTE: 850
• 2931 GASES AND LOWER BOILING CONSTITUENTS: 852
• 2932 HIGHER BOILING CONSTITUENTS: 854
• 2933 WASTEWATER: 855
• 2934 SOLID WASTE: 857
• 295 REFINERY OUTLOOK: 858
• 296 MANAGEMENT OF REFINERY WASTE: 859
• REFERENCES: 860
• Environmental Analysis: 861
• 302 PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS: 862
• 303 LEACHABILITY AND TOXICITY: 864
• 3041 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: 866
• 3042 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY METHODS: 869
• 3043 GRAVIMETRIC METHODS: 870
• 3044 IMMUNOASSAY METHODS: 871
• 305 PETROLEUM GROUP ANALYSIS: 872
• 3051 THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY: 873
• 3053 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY: 874
• 3054 HIGHPERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: 875
• 3055 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHYMASS SPECTROMETRY: 876
• 306 PETROLEUM FRACTIONS: 877
• REFERENCES: 880
• Conversion Factors: 883
• Glossary: 885
• Index: 921

Popular passages

Page 9 - And the streams thereof shall be turned into pitch, And the dust thereof into brimstone, And the land thereof shall become burning pitch. It shall not be quenched night nor day ; The smoke thereof shall go up for ever: From generation to generation it shall lie waste ; None shall pass through it for ever and ever.‎

Page 4 - Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth. 14. Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shall thou make in the ark, and shall pitch it within and without with pitch.‎

About the author

JAMES G. SPEIGHT, PHD, is an author, consultant, and lecturer on energy and environmental issues. He has written nearly thirty books, including Handbook of Petroleum Analysis, Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis, and Handbook of Coal Analysis, all published by Wiley.

Bibliographic information

• Title: The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Fourth Edition; Chemical Industries
• Author: James G. Speight
• Edition: 4, illustrated
• Publisher: CRC Press, 2010
• ISBN: 1420008382, 9781420008388
• Length: 984 pages
• Subjects: Science / Chemistry / Industrial & Technical; Technology & Engineering / Power Resources / General