PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 573 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Countries The smaller quantity of sugar marketed during Copra in 1909 ranked second in export value to hemp with a value of $6,657,740. The average price was slightly less than in 1908, but the quantity increased from 75,211 tons to 103,896 tons, with an increased value of $1,196,060. The greater part, as usual, found a French market, with Spain second. Exports to the United States are relatively unimportant, although there was an increase in 1909 over 1908. Exports of tobacco in its various forms amounted to $2,792.253. The value of the cigar trade was $1,083,702, or almost the same as in 1908, but leaf exports showed a slight increase both in quantity and average price. Italy Switzerland French E. I... Other Countries. Total Countries Imports 1907 1,655,288 1,933,808 1,731,071 851,365 1,756,667 258,855 .$18,785,855 $30,918,357 $27,792,397 8,870,923 United States...$12,079,204 $10,323,233 China .... British E. I.. Dutch E. I. Total 1909 $10,215,331 5,846,890 491,986 4,261,382 8,749,214 788,018 2,689,593 3,905,870 1,789,640 1,719,612 1,989,931 155.284 248,013 491,608 340,145 386,671 364,917 244,759 313,056 193,759 297,069 The share of the United States in the import Austria-Hungary trade of the islands amounted to $4,691,770, Belgium and was $387,717 less than 1908. Nearly half of Netherlands the year's total was made up of leather, iron Switzerland and steel, and of the two great American export Hongkong staples, wheat flour and illuminating oil, while Japan the balance was widely diversified. American goods constituted 17 per cent. of the total value of Philippine imports. That under the free trade conditions inaugurated by the new tariff of August 5, 1909, there will be a considerable increase in the volume of American shipments is to be expected, but to what extent the Philippine market will be supplied by the United States will depend upon how far the tariff differential will go toward compensating for the higher cost of American production in competition with other countries intrenched in the trade, and the extent to which the American manufacturer will press his opportunity and adapt his products to the native taste and requirments. Of the year's exports, the United States took only a slightly smaller value than in 1908, and was credited with $10,215,331. The large American demand for hemp has made the United States a good customer of the islands in the past, while limited free entry of Philippine sugar and tobacco, provides a much improved market for these staples, and free admission of other commodities furnishes a new stimulus to their production. A new era of activity and an increased volume of trade is, therefore, to be expected with the lapse of the restraining clause of the treaty of Paris and the establishment of practically unrestricted commercial conditions between the two countries. The table given in the next column indicates the imports and exports from the Philippine Islands by countries for the fiscal years 1907, 1908 and 1909. EDUCATION. The public educational work in the Philippines is carried on by the Secretary of Public Instruction, and is performed through the Bureau of Education, at the head of which is the Director of Education. The Archipelago is divided into 36 educational divisions, each in charge of a Division Superintendent, embracing in all 460 school districts, each in charge of a supervising teacher. The total number of schools in operation during the fiscal year 1909, were as follows: Primary schools, 4194, an increase of 493 over 1908; intermediate schools, 193; secondary schools, 37; total, 4424, as compared with 3932 in 1908. The arts and trades, normal, domestic science, agricultural, and special insular schools are included in intermediate or secondary schools. The teaching force maintained directly by the Insular government is approximately 1601, of which 825 are American teachers. The force of Filipino Insular teachers was increased during the year to 786, of whom 662 were men and 124 were women. Of the men, 113 were engaged in district supervision; three men and one woman were giving secondary instruction, and 158 men and 50 women were teaching in intermediate schools, while 388 men and 78 women were teaching in primary schools. The total enrollment during the school year was 570,502, as compared with 486,676 in 1908. Of those enrolled, 350,643 were boys, and 291,859 were girls. The average enrollment by month during the school year was 405,478, and the average monthly attendance was 321,415. By act of the Philippine Legislature, the sum of 3,300,000 pesos was appropriated for current expenses of the Bureau of Education during the fiscal year 1909. For the work of the fiscal year 1910, 3,275,000 pesos were appropriated. During the last two years there were either built or purchased by the government two provincial high schools, 22 domestic science, 10 agricultural schools, 18 schools of arts and trades, 101 intermediate schools and 548 primary schools. School work among the non-Christian peoples of the Philippines was continued in 1909 with for the regulation of rates charged by public decided success. For this work, 70,000 pesos service corporations. This board is composed of were appropriated by the legislature. Schools the Governor-General, Secretary of Commerce for the Negritos, of whom there are estimated and Police, and the supervising railway expert, to be from 25,000 to 30,000, were opened in the and the powers given are in general similar to provinces of Zambales and various other points those conferred on the Interstate Commerce in the islands. In these schools are taught Commission by Congress. reading, writing, knowledge of money values PUBLIC WORKS. The following sums were exand simple business figuring. Schools were also pended during the past fiscal year under the distarted among the primitive Malayan people, rection of the Bureau of Public Works: Roads among the Visayan islands and in Northern Min- and bridges, 5,288,028 pesos; buildings, 1,500,danao. Industrial boarding schools and village 830 pesos; irrigation, 171,602 pesos; artesian primary schools were established among the wells, 129,345 pesos. This includes almost oneIgorotes and other island people of Northern quarter of the entire revenue of the Insular, Luzon, of whom there are several hundred provisional and municipal governments. The thousand. As fast as the native boys can be length of the first-class roads on June 30, 1909, trained as teachers the village schools will be was 551.5 kilometres, an increase of 156.5 kiloopened in the different communities. Among metres during the year, and with the Benguet the subjects taught to the Igorots are basket- road, making a total of 548.5 kilometres on the making, truck gardening, pottery, blacksmith- islands. At the present time there are nearly ing, carpentry, cloth weaving and brass casting. 700 kilometres of hard surface roads in the POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS, On June 30, 1909, island. During the year 31 steel bridges, with 553 post-offices were in operation, as compared a total span of 1080 metres were constructed, with 540 at the beginning of the fiscal year. A and 203 concrete bridges, with a total span of free delivery municipal letter carrier service 2059 metres were constructed. During the year has been established in 35 municipalities. There were 79 money-order offices at the end of the year, an increase of 11. There were on June 30, 1909, 5161.2 kilometres of Insular telegraph lines, 3325.6 kilometres of telephone lines, and 1861.67 kilometres of cables. The total length of Insular telegraph, telephone and cable lines at the close of the fiscal year was 10,348.47. At the close of the fiscal year 1909 there were 251 postal savings banks in operation, a net increase during the year of six. There were 8752 accounts, as compared with 5389 at the beginning of the fiscal year. The amount of deposits in the bank on June 30, 1909, was 1,448,958 pesos, as compared with 1,031,994 pesos on June 30, 1908. Of the 8752 depositors in these banks 4927 were Filipinos. RAILROADS. During the fiscal year 1909, the Manila Railroad Company completed 8.1 miles of grading; 30 miles of track were laid, and 41 miles of track were opened for operation. Toward the end of the year the railway suffered somewhat from a strike on the part of the engineers and firemen, which lasted for six weeks during April and May. The original concession to this company has been modified so as to require it to construct a line in Luzon to Baguio, and to construct in Southern Luzon the 135 miles necessary to close the gap between the Manila-Patangas line and the Albay line. On the Island of Panay, the Philippine Railway Company, during the fiscal year, graded 17.7 miles, laid 14.9 miles of track, and opened 20 miles of road for operation, making a total of 40 miles now open. The total railroad constructed in the Philippines in kilometres at the close of the fiscal years 1909, was as follows: Manila Railroad Company, 545.8, with 800.1 to be constructed; Manila Electric Railroad and Lighting Company, 39.8, with 5.2 to be constructed; Manila Suburban Railways Company, 9.9, with 10 to be constructed; Tarlac Railway Company, 20.6; Daet Tramway Company, 7.2; Philippine Railway Company, 159.4, with 204.22 to be constructed; Insular Coal Company, 12. The total length of road operated in the fiscal year was 794.7 kilometres, with 1061 to be constructed. An act of the Philippine Commission created a board known as the Board of Rate Regulation, 42 buildings were completed at a cost of 1,141,700 pesos. The greater part of these are of reënforced concrete. The most noteworthy was the general hospital and medical school in the city of Manila, aggregating in cost 1,000,000 pesos. During the past year 50 successful artesian wells were drilled. These wells are very popular in the islands. During 1909 1,239,588 pesos were expended on port works, most of the work being at the Port of Manila, Ilo-Ilo and Cebu. Two steel and concrete wharves of the government, including the sheds, were completed in Manila Harbor about June 1, 1909. SANITATION. During 1909 there were more large sanitary projects and works of public utility completed than during any similar period since the United States took possession of the Philippines. Among these projects was the new gravity water system, the supply for which is collected from an uninhabited watershed. This was sufficiently advanced in November so that the water from this source had been exclusively used in the water mains of the city since that date, thus practically insuring the inhabitants of Manila against a serious outbreak of cholera or other grave intestinal diseases. During May the sanitary sewer of the city was ready for use, thus placing Manila in the front rank of Oriental cities in the question of sewage disposal. The capacity of the Culiom leper colony was greatly increased, so that it will now accommodate about 1900 lepers. CONSTABULARY. The strength of the constabulary at the close of the fiscal year 1909, was 315 officers and 4573 men. The Director, four of the Assistant Directors and three Inspectors are detailed from the United States army. The cost of maintaining the constabulary for the fiscal year was 3,089,942 pesos. CITY OF MANILA. By an act of the Philippine Legislature in 1909, a change was made in the government of the city. The advisory board, which was composed of thirteen members, was abolished. The municipal board was reorganized, and is now composed of three appointive members, one ex-officio member, and two elective members. The operation of the government in this city continued without notable change dur ing the year, the distinctive feature having been PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 575 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS a decided advance in the permanent betterment lowing: An act granting a new concession to of sanitary conditions. The sewerage system construct additional railroad lines in the Island was virtually completed at the end of May, of Luzon; an act creating a code committee to 1909, and the work of making house connec- have five years in which to compile and codify tions was begun. (See Sanitation.) Marked the laws of the islands; an act providing for advance was made during the year in the matter the continuance of Spanish as the official of permanent improvements, notably in paving language of the courts for an additional two the streets in the principal retail districts, and years or until January 1, 1913; an act providthe construction of permanent bridges of con- ing fo rthe establishment of the province of Bacrete and steel in place of inadequate and tem- tanes; an internal revenue law changing the porary structures. The conditions as to public domestic rates of internal revenue duty on all order continued good in the city during the year. alcoholic and tobacco products, whether coming A strike of the street railway employees, which from the United States or foreign countries. was the most important occurrence of this kind, This act was conditional on the passage of the terminated without any serious disturbance. Payne tariff bill and was made effective by The Cavité Boulevard, as provided in the Burn- the proclamation of the Governor-General on ham plan for beautifying the city, was under August 7, 1909. An act was passed providing construction during the year. for the sale of public improvement bonds to the amount of 3,000,000 pesos. During this session 375 laws were introduced in both POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Houses, of which 47 were introduced from the One of the most important events in the his- Commission and 328 were Assembly bills. Of tory of the islands since the occupation by the the bills introduced in the Assembly, 119 were United States was the enactment of the Philip- passed and received by the Commission. A pine tariff bill by Congress. This bill had the total of 72 laws were passed by the legislature earnest support of President Taft, who was during the session. On May 15 the legislature intimate with conditions in the Philippines elected Benito Legarda and Manuel Quezon from his services there as Governor-General. delegates to Congress. on July 2 and 3. They made a stubborn resistance and it was necessary to exterminate the entire band. Fourteen soldiers engaged were injured and one died of his wounds. On June 15 members of the second company of constabulary at Davao, in the island of Mindanao, mutinied against their commanding officers, wounding one of them. An American planter was also killed. On December 9 fourteen of the mutineers were sentenced to death. In accordance with this act, goods, except rice, MILITARY OPERATIONS. The only military which are the growth, product or manufacture operation of consequence during the year was of the United States are admitted into the the pursuit and capture in July of a Moro Philippine Islands free of duty, provided cer- band of outlaws under their leader, Jikiri. tain conditions are complied with. Similarly, This took place at Batian Island, south of Jolo. with the exception of rice, all goods, the This band of outlaws had long given trouble in growth, product or manufacture of the Philip the Sulu Archipelago and after a sharp pursuit pine Islands, may be shipped to the United by government forces, they took refuge in a States free of duty under the same conditions, cave. Attempts were made to dislodge them with the added ones, first, that in any one year the number of cigars is limited to 150,000,000, the wrapper tobacco, and filler tobacco when mixed with more than 15 per cent. of wrapper tobacco, to 300,000 pounds, the filler tobacco to 1,000,000 pounds, and sugar to 300,000 gross tons; second, not more than 20 per cent. of the value of manufactured articles shall consist of foreign materials. This legislation was the result of a continuous effort extending over several years. The Philippine Islands, owing to conditions, were perhaps more in need of special consideration in the matter of tariff legislation than any part of United States territory. While there is a limit as to the amount of the sugar and tobacco, the product of the islands, which may be admitted free of duty to the United States, the limit is well beyond the present capacity of the islands, and admits of a healthy growth of these industries, while still retaining the great advantage of free entry to the United States market for the entire product suitable to the trade. An important result of the enactment of the law was to increase the price paid to the grower for his leaf tobacco from 10 per cent. for the poorer grades to 45 per cent. for the best grades. The price received by the producer of sugar for his product, likewise increased by 25 per cent. In the month of September all exports to the Philip pine Islands of American goods was more than double that of the same month in the previous year. This increase was general, including practically every class of goods imported from the United States. PHILIPPINE LEGISLATURE. The first Philippine Legislature convened for its second session February 1, 1909. Among the important measures passed at this session were the fol ADMINISTRATION. On November 23 W. Cameron Forbes, who had been appointed Governor by President Taft, was inaugurated at Manila. The day was made a general holiday and the buildings of the city were decorated. Governor Forbes in his inaugural address emphasized the necessity of a stable government. He said that the faith of the United States was pledged, that just and equitable laws, sound and uniform policy, and just and fair treatment in the courts should be assured to the Filipinos. He urged the necessity of interesting foreign capital in the islands. He declared that the development of the Philippines would proceed along the lines originally set forth, strictly adhered to by each successive administration and by the gradual processes in line of declared policy. He said that he was opposed to the admission of Chinese labor. Filipinos, he said, can do all the necessary work if properly paid and properly treated. The government should offer reasonable inducement to capital and should make more liberal the land and mining laws and lessen the restrictions which are at present discouraging investors. On March 1, 1909, W. Morgan Shuster resigned as Secretary of Public Instruction and Newton W. Gilbert was appointed in his place. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tabera resigned as Com missioner on March 1, 1909, and Juan Sumu- ments (deeds, contracts, leases) of the time PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN. See PHILOLOGY. PHILOLOGY, CLASSICAL. Though the sum of the work done in classical philology in 1909 was far from negligible, the progress made was in no instance sensational. libraries containing important manuscripts and gives some account of individual manuscripts. Finally a manuscript of Juvenal not used by any editor of Juvenal, though its exist ence had not been unknown, is described in The Classical Quarterly. In the field of religion and mythology men. In the field of inscriptions we may note first tion must be made first of the fifth and conof all that to Inscriptiones Græca O. Kern has cluding volume of Farnell's great work, Cults added a volume on Thessalian inscriptions. A of the Greek States. The major part of the new part of the Inscriptiones Græcæ ad res volume deals with the worship of Dionysus, Romanas pertinentes contains 262 texts dealing who "for religion-as distinct from civilizamainly with Lesbos and Mysia. Worthy of at- tion-is the most momentous figure in the tention also are H. Lattermann, Griechische Greek polytheism," according to Professor FarBauinschriften, E. Ziebarth, Aus dem griechis- nell; the book also gives summary accounts of chen Schulwesen, which sets forth the light the cults of Hermes, Ares, Hephaistos, Hestia, thrown by epigraphy on the organization, cur- but does not include any discussion of the riculum, and endowments of Greek schools; W. worship of heroes and ancestors or of the ideas S. Ferguson, "The Athenian Calendar," published associated with the cult of the dead. Another in 1908 in Classical Philology, and several part of Roscher's great Lexikon of Mythology articles by H. Pomtow, published in Klio and in has appeared. W. Wundt's Mythus und Rethe Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift, dis- ligion, which forms part of the second volume cussing the history and topography of Delphi, of the Völkerpsychologie, bears on the phiwith due regard to the evidence afforded by the losophy and psychology of Greek mythology. inscriptions. In the field of Roman mythology and religion For an annual summary of the results in the most important contributions are to be Roman epigraphy the reader is referred to found in Roscher's Lexikon, mentioned above; L'Année Epigraphique, edited by MM. Cagnat the articles on Quirinus and Romulus, by Wisand Besnier. In recent years the inscriptions sowa and Carter, deserve special mention. In found in Africa have been particularly inter- the same work Fr. Richter has a good paper esting; see M. A. Merlin, Nouvelles Archives on the deification and worship of Roma. Mendes missions scientifiques et littéraires, volume tion may be made also of Mulder, De Conxiv. The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum has scientia notione quæ et qualis fuerit Robeen enriched by volume iv. Supplementum. manis, and of De Precationibus Romanorum, which gives wall inscriptions from Pompeii. by G. Appel, in Religionsgeschichtliche Ver Three more parts of Olcott's Thesaurus Lin- suche und Verarbeiten. The last named work gua Latinae Epigraphica appeared; these carry aims to give a collection of all extant Roman the work down to apis. forms of precatio, together with a discussion of Neither in the discovery nor in the publication of papyri did the year 1909 vie in interest with some of its recent predecessors. Most important was the publication in Part vi. of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri of some 300 lines, practically complete, of the Hypsipyle of Euripides; this has been described as the most The text of the new Greek historian has been noteworthy addition yet made by the papyri published separately by the Clarendon Press, to the remains of Greek tragedy. These verses, under the title Hellenica Oxyrhynchica. which are so widely distributed throughout the Scholars now incline more decidedly to assign play that it is possible to construct with some the fragment to Cratippus. An important certainty the plot, have been published sep- work is D. G. Hogarth's Ionia and the East, arately at Utrecht by van Herwerden, under the whose thesis is that Ionian civilization is the title Euripidis Hypsipyle Fragmenta. Parts product of a decadent Egean and Danubian 1-2 of Volume v. of Berliner griechische Urkun- culture brought to Asia by successive immiden, by W. Schubart, discuss Alexandrian docu- grations from Europe and of a vivifying Ori 1 PHILOLOGY 577 PHILOLOGY in ental culture communicated more immediately In metrical matters we have to name J. W. by the kindred Phrygian folk, but derived ul- White's very careful study of The Iambric Trimtimately from the great Syro-Cappadocian na- eter Menander, published in Classical tion, which in turn stood largely under As- Philology, and two papers by J. A. Scott, ensyrian influence. W. H. Jones's Malaria in titled The Influence of Metre on the Homerio Greek History aims to determine the effect Choice of Dissyllables, in Classical Philology, of malaria on Greek society. Parallel to this and Studies in Greek Sigmatism. In the foris another work by the same author, entitled mer it is shown that in epic verse dissyllables Dea Febris, treating malaria in ancient Italy. with a short penult are avoided, in the latter Both books throw light on matters of religion. that sigmatism does not in fact appear to exIn Roman history we have the fifth volume cess in Euripides. S. Sudhaus has published a of the English translation of Ferrero's Great- small book called Der Aufbau der Plautinischen ness and Decline of Rome, and a collection of Cantica. papers by him, called Characters and Events In the field of literature mention may be of of Roman History. A very elaborate work in a careful study of Pausanias, by C. Robert, in a three volumes, entitled The Roman Republic, work entitled Pausanias als Schriftsteller, J. W. appeared in the very last days of the year, too Duff's A Literary History of Rome, From the late for exact appraisal here. Of much inter- Origins to the Close of the Augustan Age, H. E. est is a new historical inscription of the time Butler's Post-Augustan Poetry, most helpful, in of the Roman Republic (few inscriptions of the spite of limitations, because we have not had Republic have survived). This inscription re- in English any work treating this subject in cords a grant of citizenship by Cn. Pompeius detail, Plessis's La Poésie Latine, Mahaffy's Strabo, father of Pompey the Great, to Spanish What Have the Greeks Done for Modern soldiers serving during the Social War at the Civilization? Croiset's Aristophanes and the siege of Asculum in Picenum. (See The Classical Political Parties at Athens (a translation by Review for 1909, page 158.) We may mention J. Loeb), and Professor Gilbert Murray's also W. Warde Fowler's Social Life at Rome in Inaugural Lecture at Oxford, The Interpretation the Age of Cicero, a very suggestive book; of Ancient Greek Literature. Lack of space Henderson's Civil War and Rebellion in the forbids the mention in detail of important ediRoman Empire, a careful study of military his- tions of classic authors, aside from a very val tory in 69-70 A. D., and E. G. Hardy's Studies uable edition of the Poetics of Aristotle, by Inin Roman History, second series. The new gram Bywater. half-volume of Pauly-Wissowa's Realencylopädie contains articles bearing on Roman history. Mention may be made finally of a very important American work, by G. W. Botsford, The Roman Assemblies, which treats elaborately the organization of the populus, at Rome, the tribes, the centuries, the classes, the several assemblies, in their organization and history, comitial procedure and legislation, comitial days, the preservation of statutes, and kindred topics. There is elaborate bibliographical information and a very full index. This book is of prime importance on all the topics of which it treats. Perhaps we may mention here T. E. Peet's The Stone and Bronze Age in Italy and Sicily. We may conclude this review, all too brief, of a great body of conscientious and valuable work by mentioning H. St. John Thackeray's Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek, which has been characterized as the only systematic grammar in English of that form of the Greek language known as the Koiné, and of a book by an American scholar, A. T. Robertson, A Short Grammar of the Greek New Testament. PHILOLOGY, MODERN. This branch of the linguistic science received comparatively scanty treatment during the year 1909; and the progress made may be conveniently summarized by a bibliographical synopsis of the principal discussions that appeared during this period, together with a number of works issued in 1908. In the field of grammar and linguistic science in general reference may be made first to an In the department of Germanic philology S. article in The Classical Weekly 2.50-52, by E. H. Feist completed his Etymologisches Wörterbuch Sturtevant, entitled Recent Literature on Com- der gotischen Sprache, the fifth edition of F. L. parative Philology. To this paper we may add K. Wiegand's Deutsches Wörterbuch, the SieC. F. W. Müller's Die Syntax des Dativs im benbürgisch-sächsisches Wörterbuch, and the Lateinischen, a fragment published after the German edition of H. Falk and A. Torp's Norauthor's death. In the periodical called Glotta wegisch-dänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch R. Methner published a paper on Dum, dum- were continued, and F. Kluge began the seventh modo, modo, and another paper by the same edition of his Etymologisches Wörterbuch der author, entitled Der Konjunktiv in den Kon- deutschen Sprache. Late in 1908, moreover, F. sekutivsätzen mit ut appeared in Neue Jahr- Wrede issued the first part of his important bücher. In Glotta also appeared an alpha- Deutsche Dialekt geographie, which is based on betical list of the Latin and Greek words which Wenker's Sprachatlas des deutschen Reichs. had been discussed in various places in 1907 In the division of Old High German J. Franck and 1908. Part ii., Section 1 of the second published his Altfränkische Grammatik (Göt volume of Brugmann's Grundriss der vergleich- tingen, 1909) and P. Habermann his Metrik der enden Grammatik appeared; this deals with kleineren althochdeutschen Reimgedichte (Halle, morphology. Albert Thumb's Handbuch der 1909); and mention may here be made of two griechischen Dialekte should not be omitted, publications of the preceding year which be nor should F. Solmsen's Zur griechischer Wort- long in this category: H. Reichert's Deutsche forschung, a very important contribution to Familiennamen nach Breslauer Quellen der Greek etymology. dreizehnten und vierzehnten Jahrhunderte (Breslau, 1908) and K. Hoeber's Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Sprachgebrauchs im Volkslied der vierzehnten und fünfzehnten Jahrhunderte (Ber In the field of lexicography we may note In Modern High German, except for V. Moe |
