I THE PINERIES OF EBERSTADT NEAR DARMSTADT The forest range of Eberstadt consists of both town and state (Hesse-Darmstadt) forests, some 2500 acres, under the direction of Geh. Forstrat Joseph, an elderly man of kindly and delightful personality. The activity of the state in buying up odd or unproductive strips of privately owned land has resulted in the same policy by the town of Eberstadt, so that there are few privately owned forests here. Natural seed regeneration of the Scotch pine, which is the principal tree here on the sandy plains of the Rhine valley, has not done well. This is in striking contrast to the pineries of Ysenburg, 20 miles north, where the luxuriant natural regeneration is depended upon almost wholly for reforestation.

The rotation at Eberstadt is approximately 120 years, at which time the larger trees attain an average diameter, breast high, of 12 to 16 inches. The cuts are made in winter and in the succeeding winter the ground is dug over to a depth of about 14 inches, the best soil of the forest floor being turned under and the poor sand from below placed on top. This will force the roots to go deeper for their food. In April, one year old seedlings of Scotch pine are planted, and between the rows, in May, potatoes will be cultivated. This method of

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tongya" gets rid in a large measure of the weeds and soil fungi which might be harmful to the young pine, especially Hysterium pini. At the time of the logging operations there were left standing, in the majority of cases, about eight of the best trees to an acre, to run through the next rotation as veterans." In addition to the increment yield of these trees, which takes place practically without injury to the growth of the next rotation, the price increment of these veterans rises from a stumpage value of under $40 to over $60 a thousand.

The cost an acre of reforestation at Eberstadt is:

About 1400 pine seedlings are planted to the acre and about 6 hundredweight of potatoes are used on each acre. The net returns from the potatoes usually average about $20 an acre, which leaves a net planting expense of $36 an acre. Adding this to the value of the land, which is here as high as $100 to $150 an acre, to obtain

the amount of the original investment, and figuring at 6 per cent compound interest and including also taxation and protection, one can imagine that at the end of 120 years the value of the Scotch pine produced will scarcely yield a profitable return upon the investment, not even with the present high value of timber in Germany.

As the oberförster, however, is required by regulation to replant, the net planting expense of $36 is charged by him to the logging expense of the last rotation and the new growth starts with a clean bill of health, financially. It is burdened with only the soil value, taxation and protection expense upon the books; and the deduction of $36 from the receipts of the sale of timber does not seriously effect the profitable appearance of the forest accounts. In other words, the unique thing about this range is that merely by the method of bookkeeping the forest investment represented at Eberstadt is a profitable one instead of a loss, and the planting expense does not hang with its accruing interest as a burden upon the financial success of the next rotation, to be eliminated, possibly, only by the first or second thinnings.

Because of the abundance of rabbits and deer, all the young plantations must be fenced. Woven wire fences are necessary, for which the annual expense on this range of 2500 acres is $500, but the item does not appear in the planting expense. There is an annual revenue from hunting privileges of $2000, and here again the oberförster shows his keen business ability in keeping down the value of the investment by charging this fencing expense to the revenues received from hunting privileges, rather than to the cost of reforestation. As a result of all this the range yields an annual net revenue of something over 3 per cent. It must be borne in mind, however, that the gross receipts are very large and that the cause of the low net revenue which prevails in practically all German forests (rarely rising to 6 per cent) is due to the relatively high valuation placed upon the soil in estimating the value of the invest

ment.

2 THE PINERIES OF YSENBURG

Ysenburg is situated on the level, sandy plain of the Rhine valley, a few miles south of Frankfurt. Three or four centuries ago the holdings of the princes of Ysenburg constituted one of the hundreds of small principalities of the old German empire. Napoleon reduced these to but a few in number and the Landgraf (now Grossherzog or Grand Duke) of Hesse-Darmstadt received dominion over Ysenburg. The princes, however, retained their land, if not their

political importance, until they were forced, in order to satisfy their creditors, to sell out to the government in 1890 at a price of $300 an acre. Their forest lands embraced about 4000 acres within a solid · boundary and the event was notable in being one of the few large sales of timber land in Germany. A few years later the state government sold a slice of this land containing 125 acres suitable for villa sites at a price of $3000 an acre, the stumpage not included. This strip is a fine stand of Scotch pine, bordering the macadam road leading west from the station of Ysenburg. It was seed planted on very poor sandy soil, some 70 years ago.

Some of the former princes of Ysenburg apparently realized the importance of careful forest management. The records of this particular forest show that in 1761 it consisted of decrepit beech and oak woods, the remnant of the primeval Rhine valley forest which was entirely oak and beech with no pine, the pine being introduced to reforest the drifting sand which followed the deforestation of the Rhine valley in many places a century and a half ago. These stands of Ysenburg in 1761 had been ruined by continuous cutting and pasturage. In 1762 regulations were promulgated which provided that:

The best oak and beech be conserved;

Restocking areas must be fenced against grazing;

Seed planting of conifers be made in blank places;

Cutting be done only in winter;

Use of wooden fences forbidden because of the threatened fuel famine (in 1762 observe!);

The villagers ordered to plant willow and alder along their streams; Only invalids allowed to keep goats by grace of a medical certificate.

At that time one-third of the land was without timber and regeneration failed continuously because of mice, drought, insects, late frosts, etc. The annual production between 1762 and 1784 was one-eighth of a cord an acre, which shows how extremely decrepit these forests must have been.

Today the pineries of Ysenburg are among the finest and yield about the highest net revenue of any in the Rhine valley. The method used to secure regeneration is totally unlike that employed at Eberstadt and yet the type of soil seems about the same. When the pines are about 80 years old and about 10 inches in diameter, cuttings (seed cuttings and preparatory cuttings) are made in such a way as to open up the crown. There results a luxuriant natural regeneration which indicates that there must be more fertility present than in the soil of the Eberstadt pineries. When this regeneration