Support of Underground Excavations in Hard RockThe safe and economical construction of tunnels, mines, and other subterranean works depends on the correct choice of support systems to ensure that the excavations are stable. These support systems should be matched to the characterstics of the rock mass and the excavation techniques adopted. Establishing the support requirements, designing support systems and installing these correctly are essential elements in safe underground construction. This is a comprehensive and practical work which also gives access to user-friendly computer programmes which enable the investigation and design of support techniques. Details on how to obtain this software are also included in the book.
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Contents
11 Introduction | 1 |
121 Exploration and preliminary design | 3 |
123 Early years of mining | 4 |
124 Later years of mining | 5 |
13 Support design | 7 |
21 Introduction | 8 |
22 Factor of safety | 9 |
23 Sensitivity studies | 10 |
925 Estimates of support capacity | 106 |
926 Support interaction example | 107 |
931 Support interaction analysis using PHASES | 109 |
101 Introduction | 112 |
103 The AECL Underground Research Laboratory | 114 |
1031 In situ stresses at 420 level | 115 |
1033 URL Rooms 413 and 405 | 116 |
1034 URL Test Tunnel | 118 |
25 Probability of failure | 15 |
26 Problems to which probability cannot be applied | 18 |
31 Introduction | 20 |
33 Structural geological terms | 21 |
34 Structural geological data collection | 22 |
35 Structural geological data presentation | 23 |
36 Geological data analysis | 24 |
41 Introduction | 27 |
421 Terzaghis rock mass classiftcation | 28 |
422 Classifications involving standup time | 29 |
424 Rock Structure Rating RSR | 31 |
43 Geomechanics Classification | 33 |
44 Modifications to RMR for mining | 37 |
46 Using rock mass classification systems | 44 |
47 Estimation of in situ deformation modulus | 45 |
51 Introduction | 48 |
53 Shear strength of rough surfaces | 49 |
531 Field estimates of JRC | 51 |
532 Field estimates of JCS | 52 |
54 Shear strength of filled discontinuities | 53 |
56 Instantaneous cohesion and friction | 54 |
61 Introduction | 57 |
63 Support to control wedge failure | 61 |
632 Shoterete support for wedges | 63 |
64 Consideration of excavation sequence | 64 |
65 Application of probability theory | 65 |
71 Introduction | 66 |
721 The World Stress Map | 67 |
722 Developing a stress measuring programme | 72 |
73 Analysis of induced stresses | 73 |
731 Numerical methods of stress analysis | 75 |
732 Twodimensional and threedimensional models | 80 |
733 Stress analysis using the program PHASES | 81 |
81 Introduction | 84 |
83 Strength of intact rock | 85 |
84 The strength of jointed rock masses | 89 |
85 Use of rock mass classifications for estimating GSI | 92 |
86 When to use the HoekBrown failure criterion | 97 |
91 Introduction | 99 |
921 Definition of failure criterion | 101 |
923 Deformation of an unsupported tunnel | 102 |
924 Deformation characteristics of support | 104 |
104 Example from El Teniente Mine Chile | 119 |
105 South African experience | 120 |
106 Implications for support design | 124 |
1062 Shotcrete | 125 |
111 Introduction | 127 |
113 Permanent mining excavations | 131 |
114 Drawpoints and orepasses | 132 |
115 Small openings in blocky rock | 136 |
116 Small openings in heavily jointed rock | 138 |
117 Presupport of openings | 142 |
1171 Cut and fill stope support | 143 |
1172 Prereinforcement of permanent openings | 146 |
1173 Reinforcement of nonentry stapes | 149 |
121 Introduction | 152 |
1222 Resin anchored rockbolts | 156 |
1231 Grouted dowels | 158 |
1232 Friction dowels or Split Set stabilisers | 159 |
1233 Swellexdowels | 160 |
124 Loaddeformation characteristics | 161 |
131 Introduction | 165 |
133 Cablebolt bond strength | 167 |
134 Grouts and grouting | 168 |
135 Cablebolt installation | 171 |
136 Modified cablebolts | 174 |
141 Introduction | 176 |
1422 The shape factor 5 | 180 |
143 Cablebolt design | 181 |
144 Discussion of the method | 182 |
1451 Structural geology | 183 |
1453 Preliminary stope design | 184 |
151 Introduction | 190 |
1522 Wet mix shotcrete | 191 |
1523 Steel fibre reinforced micro silica shotcrete | 192 |
1524 Mesh reinforced shotcrete | 194 |
153 Shotcrete application | 195 |
154 Design of shotcrete support | 198 |
References | 201 |
Software information | 209 |
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Other editions - View all
Support of Underground Excavations in Hard Rock E. Hoek,P.K. Kaiser,W.F. Bawden No preview available - 2000 |
Common terms and phrases
analysis applied Barton behaviour Bieniawski blasting blocks bolts borehole boundary element method cablebolt cables calculated clay compressive strength diameter discontinuities displacement distribution dowels drawpoint elastic engineering Equation estimate faceplates factor of safety failure criterion failure zone fibre reinforced shotcrete friction angle geological grout hangingwall heavily jointed rock Hoek-Brown hole illustrated in Figure installed intact rock joint sets jointed rock masses load margin sketch maximum method mining normal stress opening orebody orepass parameters Poisson's ratio principal stress problems ramp rebar resin rock mass classification rock mass surrounding Rock Structure Rating rock surrounding rockbolts roof rough shear strength shown in Figure sidewalls slabbing spacing spalling steel fibre reinforced steel sets stress conditions structural structural geology support design support pressure support systems surface Table techniques tion tonnes triaxial tests tube tunnel typical underground excavations uniaxial compressive strength water/cement ratio wedge