Environmental and Health Impact of Solid Waste Management ActivitiesRonald E. Hester, Roy M. Harrison Solid waste management issues are a highly emotive topic. Disposal costs need to be balanced against environmental impact, which often results in heated public debate. Disposal options such as incineration and landfill, whilst unpopular with both the public and environmental pressure groups, do not pose the same environmental and health risks as, for example, recycling plants. This book, written by international experts, discusses the various waste disposal options that are available (landfill, incineration, composting, recycling) and then reviews their impact on the environment, and particularly on human health. Comprehensive and highly topical, Environmental and Health Impact of Solid Waste Management Activities will make a strong contribution to scientific knowledge in the area, and will be of value to scientists and policy-makers in particular. |
Contents
Their Efficacy | 1 |
How Is Waste Managed? | 7 |
What Is Integrated Waste Management? | 34 |
Public Attitudes | 43 |
Microbial Emissions from Composting Sites | 71 |
Bioaerosol Components | 78 |
Potential Ill Health Effects among Compost Workers | 84 |
Ill Health Case Studies | 96 |
Dispersion and Peak Concentration | 179 |
Health Impacts and Costs | 182 |
Monetary Valuation | 185 |
Calculation of Damage | 186 |
Damage Costs per Kilogram of Pollutant | 189 |
Conclusions | 192 |
Acknowledgements | 193 |
Methodological Issues Related to Epidemiological Assessment of Health Risks of Waste Management | 195 |
Issues in Environmental Science and Technology No 18 | 103 |
Overview of Epidemiological Studies | 104 |
Adverse Birth Outcomes | 116 |
Theoretical Basis of Purported Effects | 129 |
Summary | 139 |
Emissions from Solid Waste Management Activities | 141 |
Incineration | 153 |
Other Waste Treatment Processes | 165 |
Health Impacts of Waste Incineration | 171 |
Emissions | 174 |
The Design of an Epidemiological Study | 196 |
DiseaseHealth Measurement | 197 |
Exposure Measurement | 199 |
Confounding | 204 |
Statistical Considerations | 207 |
Criteria for Causation | 209 |
Use of Epidemiological Studies in Risk Management | 210 |
| 211 | |
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Common terms and phrases
acid actinomycetes air pollution airborne micro-organisms assessment associated bacteria bioaerosols biodegradable biological birth defects birth weight bottom ash cfu m³ chemical combustion compost workers composting facilities composting process concentrations containing CR functions damage dioxins disease dose-response emissions endotoxin energy recovery Environ environmental epidemiological studies EUROHAZCON European exposed exposure factors flyash fumigatus fungi gases Gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria hazardous waste health effects health impacts health outcomes heavy metals household waste increased industrial inhalation kerbside landfill gas landfill sites leachate levels materials measured methane micro-organisms microbial minimisation mixed waste MRFS municipal solid waste municipal waste occupational operatives organic dusts particles pathway population potential production range recycling reduce reported residence respiratory risk SAHSU significant spores stage symptoms Table temperature tonnes toxic treatment typical waste disposal waste handling waste incineration waste landfill waste management waste minimisation waste sorting