A View of the RiverWith the Midwest under water, America had a chance to see how effectively it had âeoeimprovedâe its rivers. Weâe(tm)ve straightened and dredged them, revetted and rerouted them, made massive efforts to control them, yet our actions have been less than successful. Too often, physical changes made to a river conflict with natural processes, resulting in damage rather than alleviating it. Applying available knowledge on how rivers form and act could prevent such problems. Luna B. Leopold seeks to organize such knowledge. Widely regarded as the most creative scholar in the field of river morphology, Leopold presents a coherent description of the river, its shape, size, organization, and action, along with a consistent theory that explains much of the observed character of channels.The laws of physics that govern rivers allow for variations, many of them dictated by random chance. Thus, a riverâe(tm)s adaptation, as Leopold describes it, tends toward the most probable form, the one with the least variance among hydraulic parameters. We see how this probabilistic tendency plays out as Leopold views the river as a whole from headwater to mouth, in the drainage net, in the behavior of meanders, and in aspects of sediment transport.Grounded in hydraulics, geomorphology, and surveying, as well as in extensive fieldwork on rivers in the eastern and Rocky Mountain states, Leopoldâe(tm)s view of a river is at once technical and personal, providing both a firm foundation for understanding the behavior of riversâe"including instructions for getting started in backyard hydrologyâe"and a wealth of firsthand observations by a thoughtful and experienced scientist. It will be of immediate interest and great use as we seek to develop, preserve, and appreciate our most fluid natural resource. |
Contents
The River Channel | 1 |
River Measurement | 30 |
Down the Channel System | 40 |
Meanders and Bars | 56 |
Distribution of Discharge in Space and Time | 83 |
Rivers of the World | 98 |
Flow Variability and Floods | 110 |
Relationships between Channel and Discharge | 126 |
Sediment Load | 183 |
The Drainage Network | 219 |
Energy Utilization | 245 |
The Most Probable State | 271 |
References | 283 |
Symbols | 289 |
| 291 | |
| 293 | |
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Common terms and phrases
alluvium annual flood average discharge bank bankfull discharge bankfull stage bed material bedload channel width Colorado Colorado River computed cross section cubic Dawsonville deposition depth deviation distance distribution downstream drainage area drainage basin elevation energy entropy erosion exponent feet/second floodplain frequency friction gage height gaging station grain graph gravel high flow hydraulic hydraulic geometry hydrograph inches increases inflow length Leopold mean annual discharge meander measured minimum moved observed occur outflow parameters particles percent period plotted point bar pool and riffle precipitation rainfall random walks rating curve ratio record recurrence interval region relation resistance river channel rocks Rosgen roughness runoff sample sediment load sediment transport Seneca Creek shear stress shown in Figure slope square miles storage storm straight stream suspended load terrace transport rate tributaries U.S. Geological Survey United upstream valley values variance velocity volume water surface Watts Branch Wyoming