Beyond Spinoff: Military and Commercial Technologies in a Changing WorldBoth U.S. commercial businesses and the military are increasingly dependent on technology for success and survival. In the age of smart factories and smart weapons, technological prowess is equally essential for success in the marketplace and on the battlefield. In the past, when American industry enjoyed a commanding lead over its international competitors, "spinoff" from military R&D and procurement to commercial applications was thought to be sufficient to ensure industrial leadership. But, as the authors explain, spinoff has never been an effective approach to enriching commercial technology; at best it is a weak and expensive substitute for more direct support of the commercial technology base. With defense budgets shrinking, and U.S. industry under siege by formidable foreign competitors, it is time to rethink the military-commercial relationship and define more realistic policies for government. Business leaders and policymakers must understand how technological innovation really works in both the commercial and defense sectors, and how each sector can best draw upon and support the other. To capture high-tech commercial markets and preserve defense capabilities, business and government will have to devise new approaches for managing a firm's technology strategy and new ideas for enhancing the government's partnership with private industry. This book, packed with data, case studies, and policy recommendations, offers fresh insights into the management of technology in the firm and new approaches to U.S. technology policy based on sound economics, practical management, and the challenges of global markets. It will be required reading for decision makers in industry and government, and for all those concerned with U.S. competitiveness. |
Contents
The Changing Role of Technology in Military and Economic Power | 3 |
Technology Policy and the Technology Base | 28 |
MilitaryCommercial Technology Linkages | 54 |
Patterns of Investment in DualUse Resources People and Technology | 87 |
MilitaryCommercial Segregation Defense Policies and Their Effects on Dual Use | 133 |
DualUse Industry Structure and and Strategy | 164 |
The Top Defense Contractors | 189 |
The Top 50 Industrial Sectors with the Most Defense Shipments | 198 |
Microelectronics Two Industries One Technology | 255 |
Software Productivity Puzzles Policy Challenges | 283 |
Manufacturing An Agenda for Competitiveness | 314 |
The Air Force and Numerical Control | 350 |
DualUse Technology The Search for Synergy | 359 |
Beyond Spinoff Mapping Out a New Federal Technology Policy | 369 |
| 411 | |
CrossNational Comparisons | 209 |
Common terms and phrases
acquisition activities aerospace agencies aircraft American applications automation basic research benefits billion budget Chapter chips civil civilian commercial sector commercial technology companies competition components contracts corporate costs DARPA defense contractors defense R&D Defense Science Board Defense Technology Department of Defense diffusion divisions DoD's dual dual-use dual-use technologies economic electronics engineering equipment example federal R&D firms hardware Harvey Brooks important infrastructural innovation institutions integrated Integrated Circuit International investments IR&D Japan Japanese knowledge Krauss-Maffei laboratories ment microelectronics military and commercial military systems NASA National Science National Science Foundation needs nology OECD Office operations percent performance potential prime contractors procurement projects R&D spending Raytheon RDT&E requirements Science and Technology scientists Sematech semiconductor share spinoff structure suppliers tech technical technol technology base technology policy tion U.S. GPO United VHSIC Washington