# Borel Liftings of Borel Sets: Some Decidable and Undecidable Statements

American Mathematical Soc. - Mathematics - 118 pages
One of the aims of this work is to investigate some natural properties of Borel sets which are undecidable in $ZFC$. The authors' starting point is the following elementary, though non-trivial result: Consider $X \subset 2omega\times2omega$, set $Y=\pi(X)$, where $\pi$ denotes the canonical projection of $2omega\times2omega$ onto the first factor, and suppose that $(\star)$ : ''Any compact subset of $Y$ is the projection of some compact subset of $X$''. If moreover $X$ is $\mathbf{\Pi 0 2$ then $(\star\star)$: ''The restriction of $\pi$ to some relatively closed subset of $X$ is perfect onto $Y$'' it follows that in the present case $Y$ is also $\mathbf{\Pi 0 2$. Notice that the reverse implication $(\star\star)\Rightarrow(\star)$ holds trivially for any $X$ and $Y$. But the implication $(\star)\Rightarrow (\star\star)$ for an arbitrary Borel set $X \subset 2omega\times2omega$ is equivalent to the statement ''$\forall \alpha\in \omegaomega, \,\aleph 1$ is inaccessible in $L(\alpha)$''. More precisely The authors prove that the validity of $(\star)\Rightarrow(\star\star)$ for all $X \in \varSigma0 {1+\xi+1$, is equivalent to ''$\aleph \xi lifting of$Z\subset \pi(X)$in$X$we mean a mapping on$Z$whose graph is contained in$X$. The main result of this work will give the exact set theoretical strength of this principle depending on the descriptive complexity of$X$and$Y$. The authors also prove a similar result for a variation of Lift$(X, Y)$in which ''continuous liftings'' are replaced by ''Borel liftings'', and which answers a question of H. Friedman. Among other applications the authors obtain a complete solution to a problem which goes back to Lusin concerning the existence of$\mathbf{\Pi 1 1$sets with all constituents in some given class$\mathbf{\Gamma $of Borel sets, improving earlier results by J. Stern and R. Sami. The proof of the main result will rely on a nontrivial representation of Borel sets (in$ZFC\$) of a new type, involving a large amount of ''abstract algebra''. This representation was initially developed for the purposes of this proof, but has several other applications.

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