Civil Rights and Public Accommodations: The Heart of Atlanta Motel and McClung Cases, Volume 43The struggle for civil rights in America was fought at the lunch counter as well as in the streets. It ultimately found victory in the halls of government—but, as Richard Cortner reveals, only through a creative use of congressional power and critical judicial decisions. Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination in public accommodations, and shortly after its passage blacks were refused service at the Heart of Atlanta Motel and at Ollie's Barbecue in Birmingham, Alabama, as a test of the new law by business owners who claimed the right to choose their own customers. These challenges made their way to the Supreme Court, becoming landmark cases frequently cited in law. Until now, however, they have never benefited from book-length analysis. Cortner provides an inside account of the litigation in both decisions to tell how they spelled the end to segregation in the South The fact that blacks could not travel in the South without assured access to food and lodging led Congress to enforce civil rights on the basis of its authority to regulate interstate commerce. The Supreme Court unanimously sustained Title II's constitutionality under the commerce clause in both test cases, joining the executive and legislative branches in defining the power of the federal government to desegregate society, even by circuitous means. Drawing on justice department files, Supreme Court justices' papers, and records of defense attorneys, Cortner provides the background for the cases, including previous legal battles over sit-ins. He describes the roles of key players in the litigation—particularly Solicitor General Archibald Cox and members of the Warren Court. In addition, he uses presidential files, oral histories, and other primary sources to give readers a clear picture of the forces at work in the creation, implementation, and validation of the Civil Rights Act. Cortner's thorough account illuminates the nature of constitutional litigation and the judicial process, as well as the role of the Constitution and law, in two decisions that marked the crowning achievement of the civil rights movement and changed the face of America forever. |
Contents
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 | 14 |
The Genesis of the Heart of Atlanta Motel Case | 29 |
Public Accommodations and Ollies Barbecue in Birmingham | 63 |
the McClung Case | 119 |
Common terms and phrases
action activities added applied argued argument asked Atlanta Motel Attorney basis bill Black Brennan brief Chief Justice Civil Rights Act Clark clerk Commerce Clause commerce power concluded Conference Congress congressional power Constitution continued decision demonstrations Department desegregation determine district Douglas effect enact enforcement equal established exercise facilities fact federal filed Fourteenth Amendment Goldberg Harlan Heart of Atlanta held Ibid included indicated injunction interstate commerce issue Judge July Justice Black Kennedy labor legislation Lester Maddox majority Marshall McClung means moved noted Ollie's Barbecue operations opinion Pickrick places pointed practice President produced prohibited protection public accommodations provisions purchases question racial discrimination reach record refused regarding regulate Relations relied response restaurant result Robert Rolleston Senate serve Sit-in Smith solicitor statute substantial suit Supreme Court sustained tion Title United University validity Warren White York