Ecology of an Island Population of Newfoundland Willow Ptarmigan |
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A-2 hens Abies balsamea adult mortality age ratios aggressive April Avalon Peninsula becking behavior breeding brood ranges brood sizes Brunette Island California quail captured carcasses chi-square chick mortality clutch sizes Comparison correlated coveys crippling loss dead birds located deep cover eggs estimated fall population females flushed goshawks grouse populations habitat harvested hatching Hungarian partridge hunters hunting mortality Huxter incubation indicated interspersion Jenkins June June-July kill males mammalian predators mean clutch Mgmt natural mortality nesting success Newfoundland observed occurred October pairs percent percentage of juveniles Perdix plant communities Portugal Cove South primaries probably productivity prostrate Abies community prostrate fir ptarmigan densities red grouse renesting Rhacomitrium ro ro rock ptarmigan ruffed grouse Sample sex ratio Shore study areas shot significant Southern Shore study spring square mile tagged territorial cocks Total Birds transect untagged vn ro Watson Weeden Wildl willow ptarmigan winter