Endocrine Disrupting ChemicalsRoy M. Harrison, Ronald E. Hester Long-term environmental effects of chemical exposure have long been of concern and, more recently, chemicals which cause changes to the sexual development of exposed organisms have been identified. It is thought that low-level exposure to a wide range of chemicals may be affecting endocrine function, leading to a reduction in fertility and an increase in reproductive cancers. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals reviews the scientific evidence and attempts to put the subject into context. Along with an overview of the issue, there is discussion of the specialised aspects in relation to wildlife; environmental oestrogens and male reproduction; and naturally occurring oestrogenic substances. With contributions from representatives of the Medical Research Council's Institute for Environment and Health and the US Environmental Protection Agency, the articles provide a comprehensive and detailed review of current issues. This book will be of interest to a wide readership, including industrial and environmental scientists, managers and policy makers. |
Contents
Overview of the Endocrine Disrupters Issue | 1 |
Endocrine Disruption and Wildlife | 8 |
Methods of Identifying | 16 |
Conclusions and Unanswered Questions | 25 |
Hypothalamic and Pituitary Abnormalities | 34 |
Abnormalities in Growth Metabolism and the Stress Response | 42 |
Issues in Environmental Science and Technology No 12 | 49 |
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 3 Endocrine Disrupters in Invertebrates 4 | 53 |
Acknowledgements | 82 |
Oestrogens Environmental Oestrogens and Male Reproduction Katie J Turner 83 1 Introduction | 83 |
Is There a Common Aetiology? | 87 |
Determinants of Fertility in Adulthood | 88 |
Exposure to Oestrogen Is Associated with Impaired Male Reproductive Health | 93 |
Effects of Oestrogen on the Development and Function of the Male Reproductive System | 95 |
93 | 98 |
Environmental Oestrogens | 99 |
Invertebrate Endocrine Function | 54 |
Evidence of Endocrine Disruption in Invertebrates | 55 |
34 | 56 |
Detection and Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals | 57 |
Biomarkers of Endocrine Disruption | 58 |
A Strategy for the Detection of Endocrine Disruption | 59 |
Summary and Conclusions | 60 |
51 | 72 |
59 | 73 |
Biological and Physicochemical Modifiers of Endocrine Disrupter Exposure | 75 |
Geographical Considerations and Implications for Recovery Rates | 79 |
Conclusions Endocrine Disruption in Mammals Birds Reptiles and Amphibians Catherine Botham Philip Holmes and Paul Harrison 61 1 Introduction... | 81 |
Are Humans at Risk? | 105 |
Endocrine DisruptionConcluding Remarks 101 105 | 107 |
Acknowledgements | 108 |
Human Health Effects of Phytoestrogens Philip Holmes and Barry Phillips 1 Introduction | 109 |
Potency of the Phytoestrogens | 113 |
Potential Beneficial Effects | 114 |
109 | 128 |
114 | 129 |
Endocrine Disrupter Research and Regulation in the United States | 135 |
Implementation of the Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program | 145 |
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Common terms and phrases
abnormalities activity agonist androgen aquatic aromatase assays associated binding bioaccumulation biological breast cancer cancer risk cause cholesterol Clin colon cancer compounds concentrations contaminated coumestrol cryptorchidism daidzein decrease diet dietary disease disruptors ducts EDSTAC effluent Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals endocrine disruption endocrine system Endocrinol Endocrinology Environ environmental oestrogens evidence exposure factors female fetal fish function genistein gonads gonocytes Health Perspect hormones human incidence increase induce inhibition intake invertebrate isoflavones J. P. Sumpter Lake Apopka levels Leydig cells lignans male reproductive mammals metabolism neonatal Nutr oestrogen oestrogen receptor organism organochlorine PCBs pesticides phytoestrogens pituitary plasma pollutants populations postmenopausal women priority setting prostate protein R. M. Sharpe reduced reported response result role screening semen quality Sertoli cells sexual shown significant species sperm counts steroid studies suggested testicular cancer testing testis testosterone thyroid tissue toxicity Toxicol vertebrates vitellogenin vitro vivo wildlife xenobiotics