'Have' and 'be' in Caribbean Creoles: Elements of Continuity from Lexifier Languages |
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19th century African languages aoriste argued auxiliaries in French auxiliary verb avoir Barbados Mercury 1770 blocked the development Caribbean Creoles Caribbean Linguistics commonly occurring verbs comparatum compound tenses context CONTINUITY FROM LEXIFIER Creole form Creole languages créoles Delafosse Elcock English Creoles English verb English-based Creoles etait etre European languages evolution example existential constructions existential-locative-possessive French and English French Creoles full verbs generalised habeo hand and Spanish Hopper and Traugott Iberian Creoles indiquer que l'action inflected influence intransitive verbs lack of distinction lexifier languages Mande languages Mande strategy manger ni/tini Papiamentu and Palenquero participle agreed passive structures past participle form past tense marker perfect auxiliaries perfect tenses perfect/past marker periphrastic constructions Portuguese present tense form progressive passive relationship Romance languages seul fait qu'on similar Society for Caribbean sorte de futur Spanish and Portuguese tense/aspect system Tout verbe verb i.e. verb structures verbs e.g. viens West African slaves West Indies Yoruba